1. Theory of interpretation. Interpretation includes a number of different things readers do. Most commonly, people think that to interpret is to decode meanings hidden in the writing by the author. Interpretation means: the author’s message, themes, the author’s style, the setting, chronotope, the literal and historical contests, author’s life experience, the tone of the book, the lng of the book, the structure of the book. Interpretation as a science started in the 18 c. in ancient times were people who interpreted oracles. When someone writes something, he or she does so in a context. This context includes the writer's feelings, beliefs, past experiences, goals, needs, and physical environmental process and how it leads to discovery. The meaning which the text has for the reader emerges from the interaction of the reader's world with the world of the text. The meaning does not reside in the text or in the author's intentions. The meaning happens as the text is read and reflected upon. Intrepretation, then, is something a reader does in response to a text.Analisys of the author’s use of figurative lng is one of the tools of interpreting a work of literature.Figurative lng is a deviation from the ordinary,standard sense or sequence of words in order to achieve some special mng or effect.

2. The lng of literary work.Style and stylistic devices. A literary language is a register of a language that is used in literary writing. This may also include liturgical writing. The difference between literary and non-literary (vernacular) forms is more marked in some languages than in others. Where there is a strong divergence, the language is said to exhibit diglossia. Literary language is a register that is used in literary criticism and general discussion on some literary work. For much of its history there has been a distinction in the English language between an elevated literary language and a colloquial language.After the Norman conquest of England, for instance, Latin and French displaced English as the official and literary languages and Standard literary English did not emerge until the end of the Middle Ages. At this time and into the renaissance, the practice of aureation (the introduction of terms from classical languages, often through poetry) was an important part of the reclamation of status for the English language, and many historically aureate terms are now part of general common usage. Modern English no longer has quite the same distinction between literary and colloquial registers.English has been used as a literary language in countries that were formerly part of the British Empire, for instance India up to the present day, Malaysia in the early twentieth century, and Nigeria, where English remains the official language.

Style is the way a writer selects and arranges words,sentences,and paragraphs.It includes diction(word choice),sentence length and structure,and the presence of prominence of imagery and figures of speech.These elements reveal the author’s attitude to his or her subject matter.The choice of subject:may be also significant.Style is an author’s particular way of expressing himself or herself.It’s sometimes seen as a mark of personality,sometimes as an affection,but it is a distinguishing trait of narrative persona(Hemingway’s(written in simple,direct,unadorned prose) and Faulkner’s(long, ungrammatical sentences, repetitiveness, oxymorons) styles). Styles are often named after the authors who originated them.There are also styles distinctive of particular periods,such as modernism,romanticism,neoclassicism.Types of Styles: plain, ornate, metaphorical, spare, descriptive, etc.Figurative lng is a deviation from the ordinary,standard sense or sequence of words in order to achieve some special mng or effect.It’s divided into 2 classes:1.figures of thought,or tropes in which words are used in their topic mng that is opposed to their literal mng. 2.figures of speech,or rhetorical figures in which the departure from standard usage is not so much in the mng as in the order of the words. Fall into: lexical (simile, metaphor, metonomy,synecdoche,epithet,personification,periphrasis,antonomasia,allegory,symbol,antithesis,gradation,hyperbole), lexico-syntactic, syntactical(ellipsis,polysyndeton,aposiopesis,zeugma,repetition,enumeration,inversion,rhetorical ?), phonetic (onomatopoeia, alliteration, assonance).

3. Structure of a literary work. Plot and Plot structure. Chapters in novel.

Str of LW:poetry (cantos, strophes, stanzas, lines), prose (books, chapter, parts), drama (acts, scenes, episodes).

Plot - is the arrangement of events to achieve an intended effect consisting of a series of interrelated actions that progresses through a struggle of opposing forces (conflict) to a climax and a denouncement.

Elements of a plot : exposition(the initial part of the story), Inciting incident ( event that gives rise to conflict), Development(rising action), Climax(the highest point of suspence), Resolution (when conflict ends), Denouncement(when characters go back to their life before the conflict). Special techniques: suspense, foreshadowing, flashback, surprise ending. Four common plot structures: episodic(used in picaresque novels), heros journey plot( fairy tales, folk tales, myths), mountain plot, the ‘w’ plot( the protagonist encounters a series of obstacles) Types of Plot : plot of fortune(a protagonist whose circumstances change as the plot unfolds): the action plot, the pathetic plot, the tragic plot, the sentimental, the admiration plot; plot of thought(main focus on the protagonists thinks and feelings): the education plot, the revelation plot, the affective plot, the disillusionment plot; plot of character(involve some change in the moral character of the protagonist): the maturing plot, the reform plot, the testing plot. Plot can be linear and non-linear (complex, circular pattern, frame str) A chapter generally contains one or more scenes, and each scene tells us (and the characters) more about the situation. A chapter is a kind of mini-novel, where we and the characters start out relatively ignorant. By the end of the chapter, we (and maybe the characters) have learned a lot—especially about the predicament the characters are in. Knowing what we've learned, we also know how much more we and the characters have to learn before they succeed or fail in their endeavours. So we plunge into the next chapter, ignorant all over again.So chapters are convenient ways to break up a story, and to emphasize some problems over others. The problem at the end of a chapter is more serious than the problem in that chapter's first scene. When we go into the next chapter, we know the stakes have been raised, and the cost of failure will be higher.

4. Conflict in literature. Types of conflict.

In literature, conflict is the opposition of persons or forces that brings about dramatic action central to the plot of a story. The plot mountain is created around the conflict:

It is introduced in the rising action

It is faced head-on during the climax

It begins to work itself out during the falling action

It is resolved during the resolution

Conflict is most often expressed through action or dialogue or description. The best writers can inject a lot of conflicts into just a few words

In a complicated work, some or even all of these conflicts may appear and interrelate

Types of conflict: 1. External Conflict – a struggle between a character and an outside. Examples : Characters may face several types of outside forces; The outside force may be another character. It may be the character and the community; The outside force may also be forces of nature(f.e. a story might be the main character struggling against the arctic cold)

Man vs Man, examples ( Ralph vs Jack), Man vs Woman(Katherina vs Petruchio), Character vs Nature(Captain Ahab vs the white whale Moby Dick), Man vs Society(romeo and Juliet vs Community), Man vs Fate(Macbeth vs the evil prophecy), Man vs Machine(Victor Frankenstein vs the Monster who is produced as a result of a failed artificial life experiment), One set of values vs Another set of values(Ralphs beliefs in the democratic ideas vs Jacks hunters savageness)

2. Internal Conflict is not a visual or tangible opposition, it is a psychological conflict within a character, based on the situation when a character deals with his or her own mixed feelings or emotions. Types: 1. Passions/desires vs duties or social morals(Jane Eyres love to Mr Rochester vs her awareness of class or morality) 2. Two opposing feelings( Clyde Griffiths moral judgment and his narcissistic vision of American Dream)