3) Say it again
Re-express the following sentences from the Listening text. Using the framework given.
1 We’ve made far more progress than anyone would have predicted.
No-one would ……………………………………… progress.
2 The companies are not only responsible to their shareholders, but to society in general.
The companies are responsible to ……………………………………… their shareholders.
3 If we recycle paper, fewer trees will be cut down.
As ……………………………………… trees will be saved.
4 The output of rice had almost tripled.
They had produced ……………………………………… rice as before.
Speaking
1) Selection
1 Work in pairs. Look at this list of practical measures which individuals can take to help preserve the environment and the world’s natural resources. Discuss what each measure can achieve, then choose the five measures you feel are the most effective. Add at least one more idea of your own.
recycle paper
travel by public transport
don’t accept plastic packaging
insist on organically produced food
turn off the lights when you leave a room
don’t use disposable products
ride a bicycle
use natural ventilation instead of air conditioning
2 Now discuss how easy or difficult the measures above would be to bring into your life.
2)
1 Work with a partner. Read the two prompt cards below and choose one each. Using the ideas that you discussed in Exercise 1 and the prompts on the card to help you with further ideas, plan a two-minute talk.
What do you think people can do most easily to improve the environment?
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What changes should be made to people’s lifestyle to safeguard our planet’s future?
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2 Listen to your partner’s talk, and make comments. Then present your own talk to your partner.
3) Discuss the following questions.
What effect do you think countries working together could have on environmental issues?
What worries you most about the situation in your own country?
What do you feel most positive about? Why?
Use of English
Paper 3, Part 1
1) Look at the picture. Do you know anything about the bird that’s illustrated? Why do you think it is important?
2) Read the text to see if your ideas were right.
3) Fill each gap in the text with one suitable word.
America’s big bird is back
The American bald eagle is top of a list of recovering species which are likely either to be (0) taken off the endangered register in the next two years, or downgraded (1) ………… ‘threatened’ status. More than 1,130 animals and plants are listed (2) ………… the US Fish and Wildlife Service (3) ………… endangered or threatened, making (4) ………… illegal to kill or harm them. (5) ………… now, few species had been removed from the register and when they (6) ………… it was usually because (7) ………… had finally become extinct. As America’s national bird, the bald eagle has been protected (8) ………… various ways since 1940. The eagle, (9) ………… is not really bald but looks it because of the white feathers on its head, is found only in North America. It appears on the national coat arms and on (10) ………… sorts of everyday items, including the dollar bill, and has been the (11) ………… of attention in the argument (12) ………… the best way to protect endangered species. Its numbers had been reduced to (13) ………… than 500 by the use of pesticides that effected (14) ………… reproductive system, but (15) ………… are now more than 5,000 nesting pairs in the continental US and the numbers are growing at 10 per cent a year. |
Writing
Paper 2, Part 1 (essay)
For the compulsory task in Paper 2, Part 1 you may be asked to write a discursive essay, based on information which will be provided in written form, possibly supported by diagrams. Depending on how the task is worded, you may need to:
present both sides of an argument in a balanced discussion
present one point of view, giving supporting evidence.
In this section you will see the best way to plan your writing and organize your ideas for presenting a balanced discussion.
1) You need to understand exactly what the question asks you to write about, and how to use the information in the text you have been give.
Read the following writing task and underline the key words.
TASK Your tutor has asked you to write an essay based on the title below. ‘Protecting the environment is the most important problem facing the world today.’ How far do you agree with this opinion? (300-350 words) To help you to focus your ideas your tutor has given you part of an e-mail posted on the website of a radio station. It was written in response to a documentary broadcast by the station the previous week on medical advances. |
2) Read the extract from the e-mail, and answer the questions below.
Subject: The world has lost its way The world has lost its way. No-one seems to be addressing the real issues facing us today. Media companies like your deal with the same ‘fashionable’ topics time after time – health and the latest medical discoveries, scares about the population – but there are muddying the waters and obscuring the central issue. Shouldn’t you be devoting more air time to the real problem – how we can protect our environment? |
1 Should you:
a) write about all the different ways of protecting the environment?
b) omit the environment and only write about the other problems facing the world today?
c) discuss whether the environment or a different problem (or problems) is the most important in the
world today?
2 What information from the e-mail do you need to use in your answer? What other global problems
would you choose to include?
3)
1 Read the following essay, which was written in answer to the task. What information has the writer used from the e-mail? What other issues has she included? Would you have chosen the same problems to write about?
2 Now answer these questions.
What is the purpose of the introduction? How has the writer attempted to draw the reader into the discussion?
In what order are the issues introduced?
Underline the linking expressions used in paragraphs 2, 3 and 4. Which organizational pattern has the writer used?
a list of specific examples
contrasting and conceding points
What is the writer’s opinion about these issues in paragraphs 2, 3 and 4? How important does she consider them to be?
In what way(s) is the issue of the environment different, according to the writer?
The writer has discussed the issue that she considers most important last. What is the reason for this?
What is the purpose of the conclusion?
A The modern world faces many major problems to which there are no easy solutions. These include unemployment, health, over-population and of course the environment. All have a bearing on all our lives, but is the environment really the most important? If people are unemployed, they are unable to earn money and it is a fact of life that without an income it is difficult to live. Of course, work provides more than financial support; it gives people self-esteem and pride. Unfortunately, technological developments and other factors mean that the job market is shrinking world-wide and young people have reduced prospects for work. Although this is certainly a major threat to people’s well-being, it needs to be addressed by individual governments rather then globally. Health is clearly an important concern that affects both individuals and the planet as a whole. Even though many illnesses have been eradicated, others remain a threat, and the overuse of antibiotics has led to the development of resistant strains of bacteria. Nevertheless, on the whole, general health is improving, and in the developing countries medical aid programmes are already working towards creating a healthier population. Over-population has implications for all of us, and improved general health means that people are living longer. However, as with health, there are already programmes in place implementing measures to deal with not only a rising population, but an ageing population. So what about the environment? There are urgent issues that need to be faced, including global warming, pollution and the loss of species. Unlike the other issues discussed, there is no clearly discernible global move to deal with these problems. Also, unlike the other issues, changes in the environment have a direct impact on the whole planet. Climate change and destruction of ecosystems could endanger all life on the planet if not dealt with quickly and at an international level. In conclusion, other problems primarily affect only the quality of life, whereas environmental issues affect the actual existence of life itself. It is clear, therefore, that protecting the environment is the most important problem facing the world today. |
(348 words)
4) Read essay A again, and complete the following outline in note form.
Introduction Statement of topic: The world faces many problems. Plan of development: Unemployment, health, over-population, environment.
First supporting paragraph Issue 1: Unemployment Details: Need work to live, for self-esteem; but local issue, not global.
Second supporting paragraph Issue 2: ……………………………………… Details: ………………………………………………………………………………
Third supporting paragraph Issue 3: ……………………………………… Details: ………………………………………………………………………………
Fourth supporting paragraph Issue 4: ……………………………………… Details: ………………………………………………………………………………
Closing paragraph Conclusion: ……………………………………………………………………………… |
5)
1 Now read the following extracts from another essay written in answer to the same task. In what way is the organization of the essay different?
B There are many important issues facing the world today, including unemployment, health and overpopulation. Whether these issues are more important than environmental problems is debatable. The growth in unemployment is a serious problem world-wide. It has partly been caused by improvements in technology as well as changing economic factors, which together mean that the job market is shrinking. While unemployment can of course have a devastating effect on the quality of life of individuals, and environmental issue such as the burning of fossil fuels is potentially more serious. It has resulted in global warming, causing climate change which could threaten the existence of entire nations. Is full employment worth this risk? |
From this it must be clear that protecting the environment is the most important issue facing the world today. We ignore it at our peril. If we look after the houses we live in as individuals, why do we not take care of the larger house we all share? |
2 Now use information from essay A and your own ideas to complete the following outline of essay B.
Introduction Statement of topic: Many important issues facing world today. Plan of development: Unemployment, health, over-population
First supporting paragraph Issue 1: Unemployment Details: ……………………………………… Environmental issue 1: ………………………………………………………………………………
Second supporting paragraph Issue 2: ……………………………………… Details: ……………………………………… Environmental issue 2: Depletion of the ozone layer
Third supporting paragraph Issue 3: ……………………………………… Details: ……………………………………… Environmental issue 3: ………………………………………
Closing paragraph Conclusion: ……………………………………… |
3 Both approaches are acceptable for an exam answer. However, one is more focused and more complex than the other. Decide which one, and give your reasons.
6)
1 Read the following writing task.
TASK Your tutor has asked you to write an essay based on the title below. ‘Generally the future of mankind looks bright. Those who argue otherwise are being unnecessarily pessimistic.’ How far do you agree with this opinion? (300-350 words) To help you to focus your ideas, your tutor has given you an extract from a magazine article about the future. |
So there is no point in trying to improve matters at this stage – it is too late. The march of technology, overpopulation, and environmental problems have all contributed to a downward spiral which is unstoppable. Some people may try to bury their heads in the sand and pretend that improvements in these areas have made a difference – but what evidence is there for this? |
2 Underline the key words in the task.
3 Read the information in the magazine extract and decide what points you want to cover in your essay.
4 Jot down some ideas. What evidence can you think of to support your ideas?
5 Decide how to organize your essay and complete an outline based on essay A or B in Exercises 4 and 5.
7) Now write your essay, making sure that you support your ideas with plenty of evidence.
8) Exchange your essay with a partner. Evaluate each other’s work. Use your partner’s comments to help you improve your essay.
UNIT 7 review and extension
1) Rewrite the following sentences beginning with if. Make any changes necessary.
They built that chemical factory and our local river is now polluted.
Environmental scientists tested the water so people realized how dangerous it was.
The scientists published the results of their tests and prevented people from becoming ill.
The authorities might have ignored pollution hazards, had they seen the chance of creating jobs.
With authorities who refuse to investigate, it’s up to us to find out the truth.
Clean up the environment and our quality of life will improve.
2) Use the word given in capitals to form a word that fits the gap.
It was difficult to provide accurate ………… of all species. IDENTIFY
Man and nature are …………, totally dependent on each other. SEPARATE
Scientists are studying patterns of ………… . ENVOLVE
A reliable system of ………… was not easy to set up. CLASSIFY
Scientific reports are generally written in a very ………… tone. PERSON
There may be some dangers that are not immediately ………… . APPEAR
3) read the text below and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each gap.
It is a sad but true fact that only an environmental catastrophe will actually cause people to think about how they behave – and where their responsibilities (1) ………… . Merely selling ‘green’ items in trendy recycled paper bags with environmental logos clearly displayed will not do the (2) ………… . The problem is bigger than that. Many animals are already threatened as their traditional (3) ………… disappears, and many valuable and interesting species are in (4) ………… of becoming extinct. Naturalists are still battling to save (5) ………… species, even though it is already too late for some, but they will be fighting a losing battle if they are not supported by the population as a whole. It is difficult to know how to (6) ………… this message through to the people who most need to hear it. |
1 A stay B go C lie D stand
2 A work B trick C task D duty
3 A ecosystem B environment C nature D habitat
4 A risk B danger C verge D brink
5 A endangered B embattled C imperiled D jeopardized
6 A put B reach C get D relay
4) This picture was suggested as the promotional poster advertising a TV documentary about conservation issues, but it was rejected. Talk about the issues raised by the picture, say why you think it was rejected, and suggest an alternative image for the poster.