- •1. Lexicology as a linguistic science. Word as the basic unit of the language.
- •2. The English vocabulary as an Adaptive system.
- •5. Loan words. Assimilation of loan words.
- •6. Etymological doublets. International words.
- •7. The influence of borrowings. Hybrids.
- •9. Lexical peculiarities of Formal and Informal styles.
- •10. The notion of the Morpheme. The classification of morphemes.
- •11. Derivational structure of English words.
- •2. Types of word-formation means and their productivity.
- •13. Affixation. Classification of affixes.
- •14. The phenomenon of conversion.
- •15. Compounding. Criteria of compounds. Types of compounds.
- •16. Shortening. Onomatopoeia. Reduplication.
- •17. Back formation. Blending.
- •18. Word meaning. Types of meaning.
- •19. Lexical meaning of the word. Motivation and meaning.
- •20. Polysemy.
- •21. Hyponymy as types of paradigmatic relationships in Lexis. Sources of homonymy, types of homonyms.
- •22. Semantic change: its causes, nature and types.
- •23. The problem of antonymy in modern linguistics.
- •24. Modern theory of synonymy.
- •25. Euphemisms. Paronyms.
- •26. Lexicography as a branch of linguistics. Many types of dictionaries.
- •27. Basic problems of lexicography.
- •28. Proverbs, sayings, familiar quotations and clichés.
- •29. Classification of phraseological units. Phraseological units and free word groups.
- •30. Denotative and connotative component of meaning.
13. Affixation. Classification of affixes.
Affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding affixes to different types of basis. Derived words formed by affixation may be the result of one or several applications of word-formation rule thus the stems of word making up a word-cluster entering to derivational relations of different degrees. The ‘o’ degree of derivation is ascribed to simple words that is words whose stem is homonymous with a word-form. Derived words whose basis are built on simple stems and thus are formed by the application of 1 affix are described as having the 1st degree of derivation. e.g.: atomic. Derived words formed by 2 consecutive stages of coining possess the 2nd degree of derivation. e.g.: atomically. Classification. Depending on the purpose of research, various classifications of suffixes have been used and suggested. Suffixes have been classified according to their origin, parts of speech they served to form, their frequency, productivity and other characteristics. Within the parts of speech suffixes have been classified semantically according to lexico-grammatical groups and semantic fields, and last but not least, according to the types of stems they are added to. In conformity with synchronic approach: the classification according to the part of speech in which the most frequent suffixes of present-day English occur: 1) Noun-forming suffixes: -age (bondage); -ance/-ence (assistance, reference); -ant/-ent (disinfectant, student); -dom (kingdom, freedom); -er (writer, type-writer); -ing (building, meaning); -ist (novelist, communist); -ment (government, nourishment); -ness (tenderness); -ship (friendship). 2) Adjective-forming suffixes: -able/-ible/-uble (unbearable, audible, soluble); -al (formal); -ic (poetic); -ful (delightful); -ive (active); -less (useless); -like (lifelike); -ly (manly); -y (cloudy, dressy). 3) Numeral-forming suffixes: -fold (twofold); -teen (fourteen); -th (seventh); -ty (sixty). 4) Verb-forming suffixes: -ate (facilitate); -er (glimmer); -en (shorten); -fy/-ify (terrify, speechify, solidify); -ise/-ize (equalise); -ish (establish). 5) Adverb-forming suffixes: -ly (coldly); -ward/-wards (upward, northwards); -wise (likewise). Diachronically the classification of the prefixes is made between: native prefixes: ‘after’; by’; mis’; and foreign: anti’; contra’; poly-. Synchronically prefixes are classified: 1) according to the classification of words the preferably form. It must be noted that most of the prefixes in modern English function in more than 1 part of speech. A small group of prefixes may be referred to exclusively verb forming, like: en’; be’; un’. The majority – nominal parts of speech or verb. 2) as to the type of lexico-grammatical character of the base they are divided into: diverbal (rewrite, overdo); dinominal (expresident); diadjectival (uneasy); 3) semantically prefixes fall into: monosemantic (mis-); polysemantic (dis-); 4) as to the generic denotational meaning there are different groups that are distinguished: negative (un-; non-; in-); reversitive (untie-; disconnect); pejorative (miscalculate; pseudoscientific); prefixes of time and order (pre; post; fore); prefix of repetition (re-); locative prefixes (sub-; transatlantic; super-; intercontinental) 5) when viewed from the angle of their stylistic reference English prefixes fall into those characterised by neutral/stylistic reference and those possessing quite a definite stylistic value: neutral (un; out; re; under); literary-bookish (pseudo; altra; by; super); conventional (uni-).