Examples:

• "The Wasteland" by T.S. Eliot's which alludes to "Paradise Lost" by John Milton and "Percival by Chrétien de Troyes

• Dante’s Inferno which alludes to the Greek mythological figures, Phaethon and Icarus

• The Merchant of Venice by William Shakespeare alludes to the Greek mythological character Cupid: “Come, come, Nerissa; for I long to see quick Cupid’s post that comes so mannerly.”

• Frankenstein by Mary Shelley alludes to both Shakespeare and Greek Mythology in several places

• The Prelude by William Wordsworth alludes to Paradise Lost by John Milton

2) paratextuality as a text’s reference to its title, afterword, epigraph;

Paratext is a concept in literary interpretation. The main text of published authors (e.g. the story, non-fiction description, poems, etc.) is often surrounded by other material supplied by editors, printers, and publishers, which is known as the paratext. These added elements form a frame for the main text, and can change the reception of a text or its interpretation by the public.

Paratext is most often associated with books, as they typically include a cover (with associated cover art), title, front matter (dedication, opening information, forward), back matter (endpapers, colophon) footnotes, and many other materials not crafted by the author.

Other editorial decisions can also fall into the category of paratext, such as the formatting or typography. Because of their close association with the text, it seems that authors should be given the final say about paratexual materials, but often that is not the case.

Examples:

One recent example of controversy surrounding paratext is the case of the young adult novel Liar (by Justine Larbalestier), which was initially published with an image of a white girl on the cover, although the narrator of the story was identified in the text as black. The concept of paratext is closely related to the concept of hypotext, which is the earlier text that serves as a source for the current text.

3) Metatextuality as a commenting and often critical link to the pretext;

Metatextuality is a form of intertextual discourse in which one text makes critical commentary on another text. This concept is related to Gérard Genette's concept of hypertextuality in which a text changes or expands on the content of another text.

Examples.

• A story about a writer creating a story

(e.g. Stephen King's Misery and Secret Window, Secret Garden, At Swim-Two-Birds by Brian O'Nolan, Ian McEwan's Atonement, The Counterfeiters by André Gide, John Irving's The World According to Garp, Alone on a Wide Wide Sea by Michael Morpurgo, James Joyce's A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man), and Cy Coleman's 1989 Tony Award best musical, City of Angels.

• A story about a reader reading a book

(e.g. The Neverending Story by Michael Ende, Italo Calvino's If On A Winter's Night A Traveler, Elizabeth Kostova's The Historian and The Princess Bride by William Goldman)

• A story which features itself (as a narrative or as a physical object) as its own prop or McGuffin Cornelia Funke's Inkheart (which also plays a role in the sequels),The Dark Tower by C. S. Lewis and Wim Coleman and Pat Perrin's The Jamais Vu Papers), and developed to an extreme in Ira Levin's 1978 play, Deathtrap.

• A story containing another work of fiction within itself.

(e.g. The Laughing Man, The Dark Tower, The Crying of Lot 49, Sophie's World, A Clockwork Orange, Pale Fire, The Princess Bride, The Island of the Day Before, Steppenwolf, The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier and Clay, The Man in the High Castle, The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy).

• A story addressing the specific conventions of story, such as title, character conventions, paragraphing or plots. (e.g. Lost in the Funhouse and On with the Story by John Barth, The Last Unicorn by Peter S. Beagle or Into the Woods.)

• A novel where the narrator intentionally exposes him or herself as the author of the story (e.g. The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao, The Razor's Edge, Mister B. Gone, The Unbearable Lightness of Being,The Plague, Even Cowgirls Get the Blues, The BFG, The Museum of Innocence, The French Lieutenant's Woman).

• A book in which the book itself seeks interaction with the reader (e.g., Willie Masters' Lonely Wife by William H. Gass or House of Leavesby Mark Z. Danielewski).

• Narrative footnotes, which continue the story while commenting on it (e.g. Nabokov's Pale Fire, House of Leaves, Infinite Jest by David Foster Wallace, Jonathan Strange & Mr Norrell by Susanna Clarke, Alan Moore's From Hell, Cable & Deadpool by Fabian Nicieza, An Abundance of Katherines by John Green, Shriek: An Afterword by Jeff VanderMeer, many books by Robert Rankin and the Discworld novels by Terry Pratchett).

• A story in which the characters are aware that they are in a story, such as the parodic (Henry Potty series and various works by Robert Rankin.)

• An autobiographical fiction in which the main character, by the last parts of the book, has written the first parts and is reading some form of it to an audience Shoplifting from American Apparel by Tao Lin.

4) hypertextuality as one’s text derision/ mockery and parody of another text.