II. Word-formation

It is common knowledge that the highly productive ways of word formation in English are word-derivation, comprising affixation and conversion, and word-composition.

In terms or word-formation analysis words created by affixation have only one primary stem and one derivational affix…

• ment

The suffix -meant is a final word element derived through Middle English and French from the Latin suffix -ment(um), originally used to form agent and action nouns from verbs, now used to form nouns and denominative verbs in several related senses…

• ed

From Old English -ode, -odon (“class 2 weak past”)…

• ion

a suffix, appearing in words of Latin origin, denoting action or condition, used in Latin and in English to form nouns from stems ofLatin adjectives , verbs ( opinion ), and especially past participles (creation; fusion ).

• ly

From Middle English -ly, -li, -lich,

• ry (in nouns)

1. a quality or condition:

2. things of a particular kind:

3. a place where a particular activity happens:

• ive

1. Adjective suffix signifying relating or belonging to, tending to;as affirmative, active, conclusive, corrective, diminutive.

From Anglo-Norman -if (feminine -ive), from Latin -ivus.

e.g. excellent-ly Adj - Adv, addict-ed V - Adj, Adj, decided-ly V - Adv, , N, respect-ab-lyV-Adv, -Adv, celebrat-ed V - Adj, complete-ly V - Adv, perfect-ly Adj - Adv , really Adj - Adv, natural-lyAdj-Adv, frequent-ly Adj - Adv, agree-able V - Adj, exempla-ry N-Adv,pain-fully N-Adv, faith-ful N-Adj, peace-fully N-Adv, prosper-ous-ly N-Adj-Adv, ful-ness Adj-N, simp-lyAdj-Adv, pur-ityAdj-N, abundant-lyAdj-Adv, justifi-ed V - Adj, , obedi-entV-Adj, tru-th V-N, affection-ateV-Adj, confess-ion V-N, heroine N, pant-ryV-N, devot-ed V - Adj, critic-alV-Adj, defici-ent-Adj, muster-ed-Adj, avow-ed-Adj, occupi-ed-Adj, second-aryNumeral-Adj, prim-ary N- Adj, possible, call-ed V - Adj, clever-est, mix-ed V - Adj, rel-ish V-Adj, blunt-ed V - Adj, concep-tion V-N, lik-ed V - Adj, daughter N fit-nessAdj-N pret-ty , grace-ful N-Adj intellig-ent N-Adj, satisfac-tion V-N, grow-n V-Adv, delight-ful N-Adj, limita-tion V-N, admira-tion V-N, dazzl-ed V - Adj, appari-tion V-N, vague-ness V-N, , ful-ness Adj.- N, eighteen-th Numeral- Adj., real-ity Adj.-N, health-y N.- Adj, gent-le N- Adj, count-en-ance V- N, regard-ing V-N, mor-al N-Adj, speak-ing V-N, glut-t-on N-N, conversa-tion V-N, know-n V-Adv, soci-al N-Adj., succeed-ed N-Adj., pleas-ing V- N., quest-ion N-N., N-Adj., mak-ing V-N., settl-ed V-Adj., assur-ed V-Adj., limit-ation V-N., exaggerat-ed V-Adj., appari-tion V- N., seem-ed V-Adj., stretch-ed V-Adj., vague-ness Adj.- N., indicat-ed V- Adj., stopp-ed V-Adj., ceas-ed V-Adj., suppos-ed V-Adj., be-ing V-N., recogniz-ed V-Adj., giv-ing V-N., creat-ure V-N. So these are words formed by adding derivational affixes to stems.

On the morphemic level every word formed by means of affixation has only one root-morpheme, which is its semantic centre and one or more derivational affixes, thus young-er, biograph-er , extreme-ly, charm-ing, vague-ly, advis-er, fail-ing, en-courage, honour-able, withdraw-al, pander-ous, agree-able consist of two morphemes: one root-morpheme and a prefix or suffix. The suffix usually transfers the word to another part of speech.

Prefixation

Un-

1. (added to adjectives or past participles) not

2. (added to nouns) absent, lacking, not

From Middle English on-, from Old English ond-, and-

e.g. (un-usual, un-just, un-comfortably)

It should be noted that as a general rule, prefixes modify the lexical meaning of the root-morpheme without changing the part of speech of the derivative as im-perturbably, in-consistent, dis-appointed, dis-tinguished, ir-ritation, dis-covery, inter-pret, dis-appointment, in-capable, ir-responsive, in-sensibility. The prefixal derivative is the same part of speech as the unprefixed word, but the lexical meaning is modified.

In a suffixal derivative words the suffix does not only modify the lexical meaning, but the word is usually transferred to another part of speech

• e.g. to decide (Verb) – decidedly (Adverb); full (Adjective) – fulness (Noun); to create (Verb) – creature (Noun); to indicate (Verb) – indicated (Adjective) and many others.

Lexicalization of grammatical forms

Analyzing the above given derivatives special mention should be made of the so-called lexicalized grammatical suffixes which is a peculiar feature of some suffixes of Modem English.

The suffix of plurality changes the lexical meaning – affection (любов, ласка); affections (поразки); time (час); times (рази, випадки); limitation (обмеження); limitations (недоліки); faculty (факультет); faculties (здібності, дари). This type of word-formation is termed lexicalization of grammatical forms.

Conversion

There are also numerous cases of conversion in the text under analysis which consists in transferring a word into another part of speech without any formal changes like

• good as an adjective (добрий, приємний) and good as a noun – (добро, благо);

• deal as a noun – (частка, деяка кількість, купа, чесний вчинок) and to deal as a verb - (розправитися, торгувати, роздавати, відпускати);

• to shine as a verb – (блищати, сяяти, світити, світитися, засіяти, красуватися, назорітися) and shine as a noun – (блиск, світло, вилиск, глянс, скандал). The most typical cases of conversion are the formation of deverbal nouns, and denominal verbs.

Compound words

There is also an example of derivational compound. The IC analysis reveals that derivational compounds consist of two IC-s only one of which is a stem of notional words, the other being a derivational affix:

1. well-grown (Adverb+Verb+suffix «n»). As a compound word it is an adjective; neutral; subordinatve;derivational.

2. Without – preposition; neutral; subordinative; proper.

3. pocket-money – noun; neutral; subordinative; proper

4. anything – pronoun; neutral; subordinative; proper.

5. However – adverb; neutral; subordinative; proper.

6. Background – noun; neutral; subordinative; proper.

7. Handsome – adjective; neutral; subordinative; proper.

8. Commonplace – adjective; neutral; subordinative; proper.

9. Herself – pronoun; neutral; subordinative; proper.

It should also be noted that the second segment of the given derivational compound can exist in Modem English as an independent adjective.