- •Фонетика
- •1. The articulatory classification of the English vowels.
- •2. The articulatory classification of the English consonants.
- •3. English word stress: notions, types, functions.
- •4. The syllable as an integral part of the word. Types of syllables in English.
- •5. Prosodic system of the English language/intonation.
- •Граматика
- •1. General characteristics of language as a semiotic communication system. Language functions. Language and speech.
- •2. Language as a structural system. Language levels.
- •The morphological level has two level units:
- •3. Systemic relations in language. Syntagmatic relations. Paradigmatic relations.
- •4. Lexical and grammatical aspects of the word. Types of grammatical meanings. The notion of grammatical category. Types of oppositions.
- •5. The noun as a part of speech. Formal, semantic and functional properties of the noun.
- •6. The verb as a part of speech. Formal, semantic and functional properties of the noun.
- •7. General characteristics of syntax. Basic syntactic notions.
- •8. Definition and general characteristics of the word-group. The Noun phrase. TheVerb phrase.
- •9. Structural and semantic characteristics of the sentence.
- •Історія мови
- •1. Periods in the history of English. Grimm’s Law. Verner’s Law.
- •Modern English Early Modern English (1500-1800)
- •Late Modern English (1800-Present)
- •Verner's Law
- •1100-1500: The Middle English Period
- •Лексикологія
- •1. Etymological structure of the English vocabulary. Native and borrowed words, types of borrowings.
- •2. Latin and French borrowings in Modern English, their periodization and recognition.
- •3. Types of word meaning in English. Polysemy and its sources.
- •4. Morphological structure of a word. Immediate constituents’ analysis.
- •5. Productive ways of English word-formation: affixation, shortening, conversion, compounding.
- •7. Systemic relations in the English vocabulary. Groups of words in the lexicon. Neologisms, archaisms and international words.
- •8. Synonymy and antonymy in English. Homonyms and their classifications.
- •9. English phraseology: definition, approaches and classifications.
- •Стилістика
- •1. Stylistic classification of the English vocabulary.
- •2. The notion of style in the language. Notion of language expressive means and stylistic devices. Convergence of stylistic devices.
- •3. Phonetic expressive means and stylistic devices.
- •4. Syntactical stylistic devices; their structural, semantic and functional characteristics.
- •5. Metaphorical group of stylistic devices. Mechanism of metaphoric transfer of name. Types of metaphor.
- •6. Metonymical group. Syntactic and semantic difference between metonymy and metaphor.
6. Metonymical group. Syntactic and semantic difference between metonymy and metaphor.
metonymical group (metonymy, synechdoche, periphrasis, euphemism);
FIGURES OF QUALITY
Metonymical group: the transfer of the meaning on the basis of contiguity/nearness of two objects, on the real association of the object of nomination with the object whose name is transferred
Metonymy – lexical, contextual transfer of meaning
Synechdoche - naming the whole object by mentioning part of it;
Periphrasis - a substitution of the word for the word combination, which describes its most essential and characteristic features;
Euphemism - a replacement of and unpleasantly sounding word or phrase
TYPES OF EUPHEMISMS:
1. religious
God – Lord, Goodness, Heaven, Almighty
Devil - the dickens, the deuce, Old Nick, Gentleman
2. moral
to die = to join the majority, to pass away, to breathe one's last, to go West
dead = late, deceased, departed
We were all going direct to Heaven, we were all going direct the other way. (Ch. Dickens)
3.medical
mental hospital = lunatic asylum, mentally challenged = idiot
4. political
relocation centres - concentration camps
incursion- invasion
anti-personnel weapons - bombs
conflict - war
METONYMY
1. contiguity
2. widening of lexical meaning (The hall applauded)
3. one object doesn’t exclude the other
(the blue nose)
4. the function of identification/nomination (the theme)
The bottle-neck coloured.
METAPHOR
1. likeness/similarity
2. narrowing of lexical meaning. (He is a bear)
3. one image excludes the other (the sky lamp of the night = the moon)
4. the predicative function (the rheme):
She was a fox. But this fox was especially cunning.