Iy. Термины (Дефиниции)

1. A … is the second important person in an organization.

a) seller b) recruit c) deputy d) buyer

2. … is various transactions (sales and purchases) having the objective of supplying commodities (goods and services).

a) promotion b) bargain c) commerce d) competition

3. To … means to allow somebody to use something for a fixed period of time.

a) recruit b) lend c) buy d) sell

4. … is a fee charged by a government on a product income, or activity.

a) rent b) tax (налог) c) duty d) levy (сбор налогов)

5. … is the rise in the general level of prices caused by an excess of demand and supply. a) cost b) inflation c) deflation d) gold standard

ДИДАКТИЧЕСКАЯ ЕДИНИЦА «ГРАММАТИКА»

Y. Словообразование

Verb (глагол) Formation

-ize (American – Americanize; legal – legalize; modern – modernize)

-ify (beauty – beautify; pure – purify; simple – simplify)

-ate (translate, indicate, communicate)

-en (sharpen, widen, strengthen)

Adverb (наречие) Formation

-ly (easy – easily, main – mainly, quick – quickly, stupid – stupidly)

-ward, -wards (backwards, towards, forward)

Noun (существительное) Formation

-er (drive – driver; fasten – fastener; open – opener; teach – teacher)

-ment (amaze – amazement; develop – development; pay – payment; retire – retirement)

-ation (admire – admiration, examine – examination, organize –organization)

-ity (cruel – cruelty, odd – oddity, pure – purity, stupid – stupidity)

-ness (dark – darkness, deaf – deafness, happy – happiness, kind – kindness)

-ship (friendship, leadership, membership)

-dom (freedom, wisdom, kingdom)

-hood (childhood, neighbourhood, brotherhood)

-ance, -ence (importance, resistance, difference)

-ure (culture, pressure, measure)

-age (language, marriage, village)

-th (truth, depth, growth)

-ics (physics, politics, mathematics)

Adjective (прилагательное) Formation

-y (bush – bushy, dirt – dirty, hair – hairy, smell – smelly, sun – sunny, wind – windy)

-ic, -ical (atom – atomic, biology – biological, grammar – grammatical, poetry – poetic)

-ful (pain – painful, hope – hopeful, care – careful, beauty – beautiful)

-less (pain – painless, hope – hopeless, care – careless)

-able (wash – washable, love – lovable, debate – debatable, break – breakable)

-ous (dangerous, famous, numerous)

-ive (active, relative, constructive)

-ant, -ent (important, different, resistant)

Opposites (противоположное значение)

un- (happy – unhappy, fortunate – unfortunate, wind – unwind, block – unblock)

in- (efficient – inefficient), im- (possible – impossible)

il- (literate – illiterate), ir- (regular – irregular)

dis- (agree – disagree, approve – disapprove, honest – dishonest

de- (centralize – decentralize, increase – decrease, ascend – descend, inflate – deflate

non- (sense – nonsense, payment – non-payment, resident – non-resident)

Some other prefixes (другие приставки)

mis- (значение «неправильно»: misunderstand, misinform),

re- (значение «снова»: reconstruct, reelect),

en- (значение «делать»: enrich, enlarge),

pre- (значение «перед»: prehistoric, prewar),

post- (значение «после»: postwar, postgraduate),

over- (значение «сверх»: overestimate, overpay),

under- (значение «недостаточно»: underestimate, underpay),

sub- (значение «под»: subdivision, subtropical),

inter- (значение «взаимно»: interaction, interchange),

fore- (значение «заранее»: foresee, foretell),

trans- (значение «через»: transatlantic, transplant),

co- (значение «совместно»: co-operate, co-existence).