Direct and Reported Speech

Пряма мова (Direct Speech)

He said, ‘I want to go home,’ and walked out. – Він сказав: «Я хочу піти додому» та вийшов.

Непряма мова (Reported Speech)

He said that he wanted to go home, and walked out. – Він сказав, що хоче піти додому та вийшов.

Розповідні речення у непрямій мові

Direct Speech

Reported Speech

‘I work hard,’ he said. ‘I am working hard,’ he said. ‘I have worked hard,’ he said. ‘I worked hard,’ he said. ‘I will work hard,’ he said. ‘I have been working hard,’ he said. ‘I am going to work hard,’ he said. ‘I can work harder,’ he said. ‘I may work harder,’ he said. ‘I must work harder,’ he said. ‘I should work harder,’ he said. ‘I ought to work harder,’ he said.

He said (that) he worked hard. He said (that) he was working hard. He said (that) he had worked hard. He said (that) he had worked hard. He said (that) he would work hard. He said (that) he had been working hard. He said (that) he was going to work hard. He said (that) he could work harder. He said (that) he might work harder. He said (that) he had to/must work harder. He said (that) he should work harder. He said (that) he ought to work harder.

Примітка 1 To say може змінюватися на to tell, якщо є особа, до якої звернена пряма мова (сполучник that іноді опускається).

He said to me, ‘The talks have started.’ – He told me (that) the talks had started.

She said, ‘I have enough.’ – She said (that) she’d had enough.

Примітка 2 Зміни займенників та прислівників:

this – that these – those now – then today – that day tomorrow – the next day the day after tomorrow – two days later

yesterday – the day before the day before yesterday – two days before ago – before next year – the next year, the following year here – there

Exercise 6 Write the following sentences in the past.

Model: My uncle says he has just come back from the Crimea.

My uncle said he had just come back from the Crimea.

1. He says he has spent a fortnight in the Caucasus. 2. He says it did him a lot of good. 3. He says he feels better now. 4. He says his wife and he spent most of their time on the beach. 5. He says they did a lot of sightseeing. 6. He says he has a good camera. 7. He says he took many photographs while travelling in the Caucasus. 8. He says he will come to see us next Sunday. 9. He says he will bring and show us the photographs he took during his stay in the Crimea.

Exercise 7 Put say / said or tell / told into gaps.

Model: He said (that) he was at school yesterday.

He told the teacher (that) he was at school yesterday.

1. Sandra ... that she went to India for a holiday. 2. Sandra ... Bob that she didn’t see the Taj Mahal. 3. What did Anna ...? 4. What did Anna ... Peter? 5. She ... it was cold in the park. 6. He hasn’t ... us his address. 7. Did he ... you his telephone number? 8. They ... that Alice left last week. 9. What did Barbara ... about the dinner party? 10. She ... Alice that it was an awful party. 11. Have you ... Jack about the film? 12. Why did you ... that? 13. ... me what you need. 14. Have you ... the doctor about it? 15. He doesn’t ... me anything. 16. Why didn’t she ... goodbye? 17. ... him to be quiet.

Exercise 8 Complete the reported sentences with the correct tenses.

1. ‘I’m tired.’ She said she ... tired. 2. ‘You play very well.’ He told me I ... very well. 3. ‘Can you help us?’ They asked if I ... help them. 4. ‘We’re leaving.’ They told us they ... . 5. ‘She hasn’t brushed her hair.’ I noticed that she ... her hair. 6. ‘John’s had an accident.’ Pam rang to say that John ... an accident. 7. ‘I left school at fifteen.’ Her letter said that she ... school at fifteen. 8. ‘She won’t say anything.’ I knew she ... anything. 9. ‘Nobody will know.’ I thought nobody ... . 10. ‘This letter has been opened.’ I could see that the letter ... .