6. Answer the questions to the text:

1) Is an emotion a subjective or objective feeling?

2) What images or events may provoke an emotion?

3) What four occurrences do emotions result from?

4) What parts do all emotions have?

5) What does the physiological aspect of emotions do with?

6) What is the behavior part of an emotion?

7) What does the cognitive aspect concern?

8) Do all people express certain basic feelings in the same way? How can you prove it?

9) Why may certain basic facial expressions be concerned as innate?

10) Why is learning an important factor in emotional expression?

7. Retell the text.

Text Anxiety, Wikipedia.com

1. Read the text using the vocabulary and express the main idea of the text in Russian:

aneurysm – аневризм, расширение сосуда

anticipate – ожидать, предвидеть, предчувствовать

anxiety – тревога, опасение, чувство мучительного беспокойства

anxiety disorder – тревожное расстройство

apprehension – опасение, дурное предчувствие, страх

biofeedback – обратная биологическая связь, клинический мониторинг

blank – чистый, незаполненный, пустой

cognitive-behavioral therapy – когнитивно-поведенческая терапия

distinguish – отличать

distorted – искривленный, деформированный, искаженный

dread – страх, ужас, жуть

fatigue – утомление, усталость

heart palpitation – учащенное сердцебиение

irrational – неразумный, нерациональный

irritability – раздражительность

jumpy – нервный, неспокойный, раздражительный

nausea – тошнота

obsession – навязчивая идея, одержимость

occur – случаться, происходить, встречаться

pass out – исчезать, умирать

prompt – побуждать, внушать, вызывать

stomach – желудок

suspect – подозревать, думать, полагать

sweating – потливость

tense – напряженный

threat – бедствие, опасное событие, угроза

trembling – дрожь, трепет

triggering – инициирующий

tumor – опухоль

warning – предупреждение, предостережение

uneasiness – бес покойство, смущение, тревожность

Anxiety

Anxiety is a psychological and physiological state characterized by cognitive, somatic, emotional, and behavioral components. These components combine to create an unpleasant feeling that is typically associated with uneasiness, fear, or worry. Anxiety is a generalized mood condition that occurs without an identifiable triggering stimulus. As such, it is distinguished from fear, which occurs in the presence of an observed threat. Additionally, fear is related to the specific behaviors of escape and avoidance, whereas anxiety is the result of threats that are perceived to be uncontrollable or unavoidable.

Another view is that anxiety is "a future-oriented mood state in which one is ready or prepared to attempt to cope with upcoming negative events" suggesting that it is a distinction between future vs. present dangers that divides anxiety and fear. Anxiety is considered to be a normal reaction to stress. It may help a person to deal with a difficult situation, for example at work or at school, by prompting one to cope with it. When anxiety becomes excessive, it may fall under the classification of an anxiety disorder.

Physical effects of anxiety may include heart palpitations, fatigue, nausea, chest pain, shortness of breath, stomach aches, or headaches. Physically, the body prepares the organism to deal with a threat. Blood pressure and heart rate are increased, sweating is increased, bloodflow to the major muscle groups is increased, and immune and digestive system functions are inhibited. External signs of anxiety may include pale skin, sweating, trembling, and pupillary dilation. Someone suffering from anxiety might also experience it as a sense of dread or panic. Although panic attacks are not experienced by every anxiety sufferer, they are a common symptom. Panic attacks usually come without warning, and although the fear is generally irrational, the perception of danger is very real. A person experiencing a panic attack will often feel as if he or she is about to die or pass out. Panic attacks may be confused with heart attacks therefore only a doctor can differentiate between a panic attack or a heart attack.

Anxiety does not only consist of physical effects, there are many emotional ones as well. They include "feelings of apprehension or dread, trouble concentrating, feeling tense or jumpy, anticipating the worst, irritability, restlessness, watching (and waiting) for signs (and occurrences) or danger, and, feeling like your mind's gone blank" as well as "nightmares/bad dreams, obsessions about sensations, deja vu, a trapped in your mind feeling, and feeling like everything is scary."

Cognitive effects of anxiety may include thoughts about suspected dangers, such as fear of dying. "You may...fear that the chest pains [a physical symptom of anxiety] are a deadly heart attack or that the shooting pains in your head [another physical symptom of anxiety] are the result of a tumor or aneurysm. You feel an intense fear when you think of dying, or you may think of it more often than normal, or can’t get it out of your mind."

Treatment for anxiety most often includes a combination of medication (tranquilizers, antidepressants) and cognitive-behavioral therapy. People suffering from anxiety disorders often participate in this type of therapy, in which you learn to recognize and change thought patterns and behaviors that lead to anxious feelings. This type of therapy helps limit distorted thinking by looking at worries more realistically.

In addition, relaxation techniques, such as deep breathing and biofeedback, may help to control the muscle tension that often accompanies anxiety.