Exercise 10.Compete the following sentences using the words and phrases from the text:

1. Antibiotic is a drug produced by certain… .

2. Antibiotic sub­stances are obtained from bacteria and fungi that live in the … .

3. Most antibiotics are used by …. to fight various diseases caused by harmful microbes.

4. A few are used to treat certain … .

5. Antibiotics are selectively toxic — that is, they damage certain types of …, but do not damage others.

6. Many antibiotics are harmful to the cells of … (disease-causing) microbes, but they do not normally damage human cells.

7. Physicians use these types of antibio­tics to treat a variety of bacterial diseases, including gonorrhea, syphi­lis, and tuberculosis, and infections caused by … bacteria.

8. … antibiotics, however, were developed to attack human cells.

9. Antibiotics are sometimes called "wonder drugs" because they can … many diseases that once were often fatal.

Exercise 11. Fill in the prepositions where necessary:

• The first antibiotic was discovered … Alexander Fleming in 1928 in a significant breakthrough прорив for medical science.

• Some antibiotics are 'bactericidal', meaning that they work … killing bacteria. Other antibiotics are 'bacteriostatic', meaning that they work … stopping bacteria multiplying.

• Some antibiotics can be used to treat a wide range … infections and are known …'broad-spectrum' antibiotics.

• The most common side effects … antibiotics are diarrhea, nausea, vomiting.

• Fungal infections of the mouth, digestive tract and vagina can also occur with antibiotics because they destroy the protective 'good' bacteria … the body (which help prevent overgrowth of any one organism), as well as the 'bad' ones, responsible for the infection being treated.

• Some people are allergic… antibiotics, particularly penicillin.

• Allergic reactions cause swelling… the face, itching and a skin rash and, … severe cases, breathing difficulties.

• The type … antibiotics you take depends… the type of infection you have and what kind of antibiotics are known to be effective.

Exercise 12. Translate the following word combinations into English:

Бактерії та гриби; шкідливі мікроби; мікроби, які викликають хворобу; бактеріальні хвороби; стафілококові та стрептококові бактерії; уражати клітини людини; «дивовижні ліки»; пошкоджувати фрукти та овочі; корм для худоби; стимулювати ріст тварин; поділ клітин; лімфатична система; дуже поширені хвороби; хвороби, які передаються через контакт; вірусна інфекція; венерична хвороба.

Exercise 13. Put questions to the underlined words:

1. The discovery of antibiotics greatly improved the quality of human life in the twentieth century.

2. Antibiotic drugs are made from living organisms such as fungi, molds.

3. Antibiotics can also be produced synthetically (artificially) or combined with natural substances to form semisynthetic antibiotics.

4. Prontosil, the first sulfa drug, was discovered in 1935 by German chemist Gerhard Domagk (1895–1964).

5. Bacterial resistance occurs when some bacteria survive attack by the antibacterial drug.

6. .In 1928, British bacteriologist Alexander Fleming (1881–1955) discovered the bacteria-killing property of penicillin.

7. Fleming noticed that a mold that had accidentally fallen into a bacterial culture in his laboratory had killed the bacteria.

8. It was not until 1941 that two English scientists, Howard Florey (1898–1968) and Ernst Chain (1906–1979), developed a form of penicillin that could be used to fight bacterial infections in humans.

9. By 1945, penicillin was available for widespread use and was hailed as the new wonder drug.

10. The antibiotic works by blocking the formation of the bacterial cell wall, thus killing the bacteria.

11. Resistance of bacteria to the effects of antibiotics has become a major problem in the treatment of disease.

Exercise 14. Open the brackets using the necessary form of the infinitive:

1. This is the patient (to give) a painkiller.

2. She wanted (to send) to the conference in medicine.

3. My friend appears (to recover) rapidly.

4. The medicine is to be kept in a cool dark place.

5. The students were glad (to observe) an operation yesterday.

6. (To operate) this patient we will have to give him a general anesthesia first.

7. The nurse brought the blood (to transfer) to the patient (to operate).

8. The sutures (to remove) on the 4^th day.

9. The patient had (to take) to an operating room immediately to prevent the rupture of the appendix.

10. Further studies are needed (to characterize) the cause and possible treatment of inflammation after lung transplantation.