Inevitable in any country. Movements over time in country rankings on the Transpa –

rency International Corruption Perception Index illustrate that corruption can be tackled.

Given the scope of the problem, a holistic approach and a long-term perspective to

anti-corruption reform are essential. Making such an approach operational requires leaders

with the political will and a broad mandate from civil society, including the private sec-

tor. The participation of all these stakeholders – government, civil society, and the private

sector – is essential.

Within many countries, these groups have set priorities, identified targets of opportunity,

built sustained pressure, and monitored the progress of reform.

Diverse conditions, which exist from one country to another, make it impossible to pre-

scribe a universally applicable menu of necessary reforms or any standard sequence for

introducing them. Nevertheless, the most urgent reform starts with instituting preventive

measures.

The most critical preventive measure is to publish in an accessible manner all laws,

regulations, administrative and judicial decisions, procurement, campaign finance and

other routine information. It should provide opportunities for public participation and

transparency in the decision-making process before actions are taken.

Preventive measures should also include instituting codes of conduct and conflict-of-

Interest standards for public officials. Higher-ranking officials should publicly disclose

their assets on a periodic basis in order to minimize opportunities for illicit enrichment.

Beyond the preventive measures, there is a role for criminal law provided there are

independent prosecutors to bring cases and a competent and independent judiciary to

impose sentences.

Additional public sector reforms will also include: civil service reform, providing com-

pensation that permits a reasonable standard of living, strict rules, broad publication and

public oversight to promote transparency and accountability in public-sector procurement.

No anti-corruption strategy will be successful without the participation of the private

sector. Companies should establish and maintain an effective system of internal controls,

books and records that accurately reflect their transactions and disposition of assets. As

a general matter, all professionals, such as accountants, auditors and attorneys, should

have and enforce standards and codes of ethics and an effective accreditation process.

Obviously, carrying out such an ambitious range of reforms can be complex and will

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require a long-term commitment. It will require technical and financial capacity and,

above all, political will.

CONCLUSION

The requirement for a demonstrated commitment to limit corruption and promote good

governance will be a major step towards changing the incentive system for development

assistance. In countries that do meet the requirement, assistance can help promote reform

because it requires governments, businesses and civil society to work together in a const-

mic development and the productive use of assistance. Realizing this potential will re-

quire field-based assessments of the state of corruption in a country and the effective-

ness of projects, and careful attention to auditing and accountability to ensure that funds are used as intended. These promises have a profound impact on future success in com-

bating corruption.

A few tips for writing resumes

When making a resume it may be of some help to keep to the following scheme.

1.Give some basic information about the article:

- The title of the article is………

- The article is headlined…….

• The author of the paper is….(is not mentioned)

• The paper was published in……

2.State in one or two sentences the main idea of the article:

- The paper raises the problem concerning……

- The paper deals with / touches upon / is concerned with the problem of….

- The review paper includes information concerning…….

- The main / chief purpose / aim of the paper is…….:

a) to give the reader some information on……

b) to determine…..

c) to examine certain problems connected with / related to / linked with…..

d) to provide the reader with some materials on…….

3.Consider the problems mentioned in more detail:

- In particular the author claims / stresses / underlines / emphasizes /

lays a special emphasis on / points to the problems of / points out that/

describes…..in more detail / considers / asseses the role of / reckons / states/

highlights…..in more detail

• The author attaches the primary importance to the problem of…..

• The author draws the attention of the reader to the problem of…..

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• As far as the problem of…..is concerned…

• According to the author

4.Express the main idea but more powerfully:

- In conclusion……

- The author comes to the conclusion that…..

The author arrives at the conclusion that….

- The evidence given suggested offered provided by the author reveals…..

16. Oral work:

    1. Comment on the statement: Corruption is the abuse of public office

for private interests.

2. Speak about existing patterns and forms of corruption.

3. Comment on different causes of corruption.

4. Make up a dialogue discussing legal punishment of corruption crimes.

5. Discuss measures taken by state governments in combating corruption.

6. Speak about your approach to the problem of corruption.