Business and Businesses

In the last trimestr we learned the first unit Business and Businesses.It is very interesting and important theme which gives us knowledge about real enterprising activity.We learned how to riglhtly set up and run a business.For exaple business is the activity of producing,buying and selling goods and services,it vary in size.When company is no successful,it may go out of business, you also may expand your business,specialize in something.Now I know which companies work in the manufacturing and in the service sectors.Besides , a firm may be owned by the state or by private sector(individuals).Y also came to know that nationalized company is state owned.Anel we learned about ownership.Companies can be unlimited or limited licebility firms.Unlimited liability companies are subdivided into sole proprietarship and partnerships.Limired liability companies are subdivided into private limited companies and public limited(listed) companies.Then we read about business relationship.A group is a number of subsidiary companies operating under one leading company(parent company).Holding company is one that holds all(or more than 50%) the stakes in subsidiaries.Conglomerate is a group consisting of a lot of different companies in different biusinesses run as one large firm.When two or more companies decode to work together,they form a joint venture.Consortium is a group of companies which come together to unolertake a progect which any one cannot carry ant alone.Also we learned what is merger.There are two types of takeover-hostile and fivendly takeovers.Now I know what is a buyout.Then we considered the organizational structure.Company is run by a Board of Directors,each Director is in charge of department.But the Chartman of the Board may not be the head of any one department.The Managing Director has overall responsibility for the running of the business.

Money and banking

In the second term we learned the sinth unit Money and banking .Its very interesting theme which givs us knowledge about what is money and what is banking.Money is anything used by people to purchase goods,services or resources.Today,the most commonly used objects are metal coins,paper bills,checks and plaste money.Money has thee main functions – it is a medium of exchange,measure of value and a store of value.Bank in an institution that deals in money and provides other financial system.Central bank looks after the governments finance and monetary policy and is responsible for issuing banknotes.Comercial banks deal directly with the pubic,merchant banks provide services for companies and investment banks control the issue of new securities.Modern banks offer many services to businesses and individual customers.The most widely used banking fictlties include using a credit card.Now many bunks offer a foreign exchange insurance and services.On 1 january 1999 the single European currency was launched.It has potential benefits for the economy of every European Unions country.The advantages of using a single currency are – lower transaction cost,transparent price differencie,reduced costs,more stable economic growth etc.

International business

In thesecond term we learned the seventh unit International business.Its very interesting and important theme which gives us knowledge about international trade.International trade is the exchange of goods and services between countries.Through international trade countries can improve their living standards.Governments can control international trade.The most common protectionist measures are tariffs,quotas,exchange controls.And the int trade without this bausers is called free trade.Exporting and importing are two aspects of foreign trade.Exports are goods and services produced in one country but sold in another.Imports are those goods and services whuh are consumed in one country but which gave been purchased from another country.Difference beerwen payments for imports and payments for exports is called the balance of trade.The WTO is the nly international organization dealing with the global rules of trade between nations.Has main function is to ansure that trade flons as smoothly,prediotably and fruly as possible.The WTO headquartes are in Geneva Switzerland.And before doing business abroad it is importand to understand the social and business culture of country in which you are going to operate

Лист замовлення Softchain Ltd

(head office), Foss House, Brigham Street, Liverpool L13 4AT Tel. 051-387 6397 Telex: 79284

Mrs A. Everett " Your ref: AE/677

Compact Systems 1 " Our ref: Ord. B7693

96 Rosewall Drive Southtown S03 4BT

15 July 2009 Dear Mrs Everett

Please find enclosed our order, Ord. B7693, for 100 IBM compatible Compact Accounts packages, as discussed in our phone conversation of 12 July.

We have decided to place an order for 100 packages and accept the 20 p.c. trade discount off net list prices as discussed. Payment will be made, as agreed, 30 days after receipt of your invoice.

We would be much obliged if you could dispatch the goods so that they reach us not later than 30 July, and look forward to receiving your acknowledgement.

Yours faithfully P. Barker

Purchasing Manager

Encl. Ord. B7693

Лист-скарга Softchain Ltd

(head officc), Foss House, Brigham Street, Liverpool L13 4AT Tel. 051-387 6397 Telex: 79284

Mrs A. Everett Compact Systems 96 Rosewall Drive Southtown S03 4BT

Your ref:

Ourref: Inq. B7693

5 April 2009

Dear Sirs

We recently attended the Software Trade Exhibition in Bath, and were impressed by the range of software available through your company.

We are a large chain of business software retailers and are looking for a software house which could supply us with a range of business applications programs.

As we usually place large orders, we would expect a quantity discount in addition to a 20 p.c. trade discount off net list prices. Our terms of payment are normally 30 days after receipt of invoice.

If these conditions are of interest to you, we would be much obliged if you could send us your current catalogue and price list.

We look forward to hearing from you soon.

Yours faithfully

P. Barker

Лист- запит(замовлення) Dear Sirs,

From your advertisement in "The Computer World Survey" we have learned that you are producing for export hardware components tor model PH-33.

There is a steady demand here for high class products of this type. Sales are not very high, but a good price can be obtained for the latest models.

Will you please send us your catalogue and full details of your export prices as well as the terms of payment. Be so kind as to state your earliest delivery date and discounts for regular purchases.

We should appreciate a prompt reply.

Лист-запит Dear Purchasing Agent:

On January 20 we shipped you an order for four Phillips Microwave Ovens at a cost of $ 355.00 each and still have not received payment, despite our attempts with previous reminder letters and phone messages. We cannot understand why you have not made the pay ment as yet.

As you know, Phillips has always responded quickly to your needs in the past, and we do manufacture the best quality microwave ovens on the market. We would like to continue selling you our products and add your name to the list of our satisfied customers. However, we believe that unless you settle this past-due account now, we will be unable to honor your puchase orders in the future, perhaps at a time when you might need our products the most.

Won't you please send your payment today? We look forward to doing further business with you.

Sincerely,

Cynthia Morgan Credit Supervisor