- •Chapter I
- •Text 1 crude oil transportation
- •Text 2 pipelines
- •Text 3 natural gas pipelines
- •Text 4 pumps
- •(Liquefied natural gas)
- •Text 6 marine tankers
- •Text 7 automatic custody transfer
- •Text 8 Facility Layout
- •Text 9 Deeper water, moderate sea states
- •After you read Petroleum Marketing
- •Chapter II
- •10.1 What is the main idea of the article?
- •10.2 Explain the following words or words-combinations.
- •10.4 True, false.
- •10.5 Put up four questions of different types (general, special, disjunctive, alternative) to each sentence.
- •Text 11 Heavy-Oil Pipelines
- •11.1 Explain the following words or word-combinations.
- •11.3 True, false.
- •11.4 Put the verbs in brackets into the proper grammar tense.
- •Text 12 Pipeline Project
- •12.1 What is the main idea of the article?
- •12.2 Explain the following words or word-combinations.
- •12.3 Transform the affirmative sentences into the negative and interrogative ones.
- •12.4 Put the verbs in brackets into the proper grammar tense and voice.
- •Text 13 Moving Heavy Oil
- •13.1 Explain the following words and word-combinations.
- •13.2 What does this article focus on?
- •13.3 Choose the necessary word and put it in the sentence.
- •13.5 Make the sentences negative and interrogative.
- •Text 14 Coating Selection
- •14.1 What is the main idea of the article?
- •14.2 Explain the following words and world-combinations.
- •14.4 False, true.
- •Text 15 Coating Qualification, Process
- •15.1 What is the main idea of the article?
- •15.2 Explain the following words and word combinations.
- •15.3 Choose the necessary word and complete the following sentences.
- •15.4 False, true.
- •Text 16 Construction Part I
- •16.1 What does this article focus on?
- •16.2 False, true.
- •16.3 Explain the following words and word-combinations.
- •16.4 Make the following sentences interrogative.
- •16.5 Choose the necessary word and put it in the sentence.
- •Text 17 Construction Part II
- •17.1 What is this article about?
- •17.2 Explain the following words and word-combinations.
- •17.4 False, true.
- •17.5 Put the verbs in brackets in a proper grammar tense and voice.
- •Text 18 fsu Oil Exports Through Iran Set to Increase
- •18.1 What does the article focus on?
- •18.2 Explain the following words and phrases.
- •18.3 False, true.
- •18.4 Choose the necessary word or word-combination and complete the following sentences.
- •18.5 Make the following sentences interrogative.
- •Text 19 More Movements
- •19.1 What is the article about?
- •19.2 Explain the following words and word-combinations.
15.1 What is the main idea of the article?
15.2 Explain the following words and word combinations.
Liquid epoxy, field-joint coatings, shop applied coatings, polyurethane foam, to be poured (into), spray-applied foams, the field-injected insulation, induction coils and a propane-fired oven.
15.3 Choose the necessary word and complete the following sentences.
The pipe was preheated with an … and the coating flame-oxidized to ensure adhesion of foam to FBE. |
Insulation and an outer jacket.
|
15.4 False, true.
Pipe with defects were set aside and changed.
Pipe free of holidays was cleaned of any foreign matter that would interrupt adhesion of the foam to the FBE.
Shop-applied foams are quicker reacting in order to prevent the foam running off the pipe.
The bond between the PE tape and extruded PE was achieved by heat fusion.
Finally the pipe was stacked four tiers high on sawdust-filled bags.
Text 16 Construction Part I
Field application of a three-layer coating system is quite involved.
To ensure that field-joint coating proceeds smoothly, prospective contractors must understand the entire scope of work, the properties of all coating materials, and the overall job complexity during the bid stage.
Awarding of the" contract should be followed by a period meeting at which the contractor demonstrates the field-joint application on a number of girth welds. This meeting makes certain that all installation details have been worked out and improves the chances of a successful job, from the perspective of both the contractor and the owner. Field training, provided by the manufacturers of each coating layer, is indispensable.
Pipeline construction on the Mac Kay River Pipeline began in mid September 2001 and was nearly completed by mid October. In field training at the beginning of construction, each worker involved in the field-coating process was trained and certified by the coating manufacturers. Only workers with certification were allowed to apply the field joint coating.
The steps in the field-joint coating process consist of:
Preheating the girth weld with an induction heater or propane method to remove moisture.
Preheating the girth weld to an appropriate preheat temperature by means of an induction coil.
Applying liquid epoxy and allowing curing.
Performing holiday detection and repair as necessary.
Injecting foam and allowing curing.
Abrading the PE overlap.
Preheating the PE overlap with propane torches.
Applying the shrink sleeve according to manufacturer's instructions.
Welders were required to use pads to protect the FBE from damage caused by weld spatter. Such damage can be difficult to repair especially if it is next to the polyurethane foam.
Welders were encouraged to protect the polyurethane foam during preheating and welding.
Determining the length of the polyurethane foam cutback must consider the width of heating device used to preheat the girth weld area. If the exposed girth-weld area is shorter than the width of standard heating equipment, specially designed heating devices may have to be constructed or an alternate heating system used.
Induction coils and catalytic heaters offer a number of advantages over a propane torch.
These include elimination of damage (charring) to the polyurethane foam and FBE, prevention of contamination of the substrate before liquid-epoxy application, reduction of flash rusting, and assurance that the pipe preheats temperature is evenly distributed around the pipe circumference.
Questions:
What do the steps in the field-joint coating process consist of?
Were only workers or the manufacturers allowed to apply the field joint coating?
What must be constructed if the exposed girth-weld area is shorter than the width of standard heating equipment?
Who was trained and certified by the coating manufacturers?
When were welders required?