Граматичний матеріал: Минулий подовжений час. The Past Continuous Tense.

The Past Continuous Tense

+	I (he, she, it) was listening to music at 5 o’clock yesterday. We (you) they were working when my friend came.
-	Was I (he, she, it) listening to music at 5 o’clock yesterday? Were we (you) they working when my friend came?
?	I (he, she, it) was not listening to music at 5 o’clock yesterday. (wasn’t) We (you) they were not working when my friend came. (weren’t)

Ex. 1. Make the following sentences interrogative and negative.

1. We were working at 4 o’clock yesterday. 2. She was leaving the house at that time. 3. My friends were walking in the street at 10 yesterday. 4. When I came back my mother was cooking dinner. 5. I was having a bath when the phone rang.

Ex 2. Open the brackets using the verbs in Past Simple or Past Continuous.

1. We (not to go) on a tramp last summer. 2. What you (to do) when your sister (to come) home yesterday? 3. He (not to go) to the shop yesterday. 4. Nick (to go) to bed at ten o'clock yesterday. 5. Rick (to sleep) at eleven o'clock yes­terday. 6. We (to play) badminton from nine till eleven yester­day. 7. Kate (not to go) for a walk yesterday. She (to write) a composition the whole day yesterday. 8. When your father (to come) home yesterday? - He (to come) home at seven o'clock. 9. When my father (to come) home yesterday, my mother (to make) supper. 10. I (to feed) my cat with fish yesterday. 11. What you (to do) at four o'clock yesterday? - I (to feed) my cat. 12. He (to repair) his bicycle the whole day before yesterday. 13. You (to have) supper at nine o'clock yesterday? 14. I (to begin) re­pairing my camera at six o'clock yesterday. 15. At five o'clock yesterday Helen (to cook) soup. 16. When we (to play) in the yard yester­day, it suddenly (to start) raining heavily. 17. I (to see) Mike when he (to cross) the street. 18. He (to begin) repairing his bicycle in the morning yes­terday. 19. What your brother (to do) yesterday? - He (to play) computer games.

Ex 4. Open the brackets using the verbs in Past Simple or Past Continuous.

1. The cat (to take) a piece of fish and then (to run) away. 2. I (to go) to bed at half past eleven. 3. Yesterday I (to get) up at seven o'clock. 4. At this time yesterday we (to have) dinner. 5. He (to write) a letter when I (to come) in. 6. He (to put) on his coat and cap, (to open) the door and (to go) out. 7. Yesterday he (to write) a letter to his friend. 8. When I (to look) at them, they (to smile) at me. 9. What you (to do) at six o'clock yesterday? 10. He (to come) back to St. Petersburg on the 15th of January. 11. Yesterday the lesson (to begin) at nine o'clock. 12. At this time yesterday I (to sit) at the thea­tre. 13. He (to read) a newspaper when I (to come) in. 14. I (to go) to the institute when I (to see) him.15. The train (to start) at fifteen minutes to ten. 16. He (to make) a report when I (to leave) the meeting.

Робота над текстом за профілем спрямування: текст “D.LMENDELEYEV (1834—1907)”

A Russian name appeared in 1964 on the honorary board of science at Bridgeport University, USA: Mendeleyev was added to the list of the greatest geniuses— Euclid, Archimedes, Copernicus, Galilei, Newton and Lavoisier. D. I. Mendeleyev, the explorer of nature, is the greatest chemist of the world. The Mendeleyev system has served for almost 150 years as a key to discovering new elements and it has retained its key capacity until now.

D. I. Mendeleyev was the fourteenth and the last child of the Director of the Gymnasium at Tobolsk. After finishing school at the age of 16 he was taken by his mother to St. Petersburg and entered the Pedagogical Institute in 1850, took a degree in chemistry in 1856 and in 1859 he was sent abroad for two years for further training. He returned to St. Petersburg in 1861 as Professor of Chemistry and gave a course of lectures on chemistry at St. Petersburg's University. His lectures were always listened to with great interest and attention. Even in class of two hundred students everyone was able to follow his discussions from the beginning to the end. Interesting experiments were made in his classes.

In 1868 Mendeleyev began to write a great text book of chemistry, known in its English translation as the "Principles of Chemistry" Hard work preceded it. Mendeleyev made thousands of experiments and calculation, wrote a lot of letters, and studied many reports. Everything in the world that was known about chemical elements Mendeleyev knew. For months, for years he searched for missing data. All those data were being brought together and grouped in a special way.. When compiling this, he tried to find some system of classifying the elements some sixty in all then known whose properties he was describing. This led him to formulate the Periodic Law: "The properties of elements and, consequently, the properties of the simple and complex bodies formed from them are periodic functions of their atomic weights". The Law earned him lasting international fame. He presented it verbally to the Russian Chemical Society in October 1868 and published it in February 1869. But Mendeleyev was recognized as the author of the Periodic Law only after gallium, scandium and germanium had been discovered in France, Sweden and Germany and after the properties of a number of elements predicted by Mendeleyev had been confirmed.

In this paper he set out clearly his discovery that if the elements are arranged in order of their atomic weights, chemically related elements appear at regular intervals. The great-ness of Mendeleyev's achievement lies in the fact that he had discovered a generalization that not only unified an enormous amount of existing information but pointed the way to further progress.

Today the Periodic Law is studied by millions of school children and by students at higher educational establishments of natural sciences and engineering. It is studied by philosophers, historians, teachers and chemists.

The law serves as a basis for thousands of researches. The Periodic Law crossed national boundaries and has become the property of all nations, just like the works of Newton, Lomonosov, Pavlov, Lobachevsky, Einstein and other. In our country the Russian Chemical Society, a number of higher and secondary schools, some industrial plants have been named after Mendeleyev. The Academy of Sciences and the Mendeleyev Society award the Mendeleyev Prize and the Mendeleyev Gold Medal for outstanding research work in chemistry.

1. honorary board — доска славы, почета

2. missing data — недостающие данные, сведения

3. when compiling this — собирая все материалы и факты

4. some sixty in all — всего около шестидесяти

5. verbally — устно.

Література:

1. Барановська Т.В. Граматика англійської мови. Збірник вправ: Навч. посібник. Видання друге, виправлене та доповненею – Мова англ., укр. – Київ: ТОВ “ВП Логос-М», 2007. – 384с.

2. Л.В. Мисик, А.Л. Арцишевська, Л.Р. Кузнєцова, Л.Л. Поплавська. Англійська мова. Комунікативний аспект. / За ред. доц. Мисик Л.В. – Підручник. – К.: Атіка, 2000. – 368с.

3. Гужва Т. М. Англійська мова: Розмовні теми: Навч. посіб. Для студентів фак. Інозем. Філології, університетів, ліцеїв, гімназій та коледжів. – Харків: Фоліо, 2005. – 414с.

4. Бессонова І. В. Англійська мова (за професійним спрямуванням). Навчальний посібник для дистанційного навчання. – К.: Університет «Україна», 2005. – 263с.

Практичне заняття № 2

Тема: . Інтеграція України до Європейського Союзу.

Relations of Ukraine with the European Union

As you know Ukraine is a sovereign state, it establishes new relations with the countries throughout the world. It sets direct contacts with many foreign countries signing agreements and treaties. A lot of foreign Embassies have appeared in its capital lately. Ukraine is one of the founding members of the United Nations Organizations and participates in the work of many international organizations.

The topics of our radio and television talks are often Ukrainian-European relations and our viewpoints on the prospect of their development, and a wide range of other international issues.

A fundamental reshaping of foreign policy could only be effected on the basis of a strictly scientific and objective reassessment of the present-day realities. This evaluation the in-depth analysis of international affairs and the consideration of our national interests resulted in the new political thinking. Nowadays the political life is giving fresh grounds for the relations of mutual understanding between Ukraine and the countries of European Union. The new political thinking, as seen by the Ukrainian leadership and by foreign experts, is not something frozen and immobile. It is exceptionally creative process, receptive to innovation.

The reason for the new type of relations is that European Union wants to see broader economic ties with Ukraine. The exchanging of opinions with the delegations from the European countries are generally marked by goodwill and intense interest.

Ukraine not only strives to live in peace with the rest of the world community, but also to co-operate with other countries and participate in the European and the world structures. It is already a member of numerous international, political and economic associations and a founding member of the United Nations.

Граматичний матеріал: Майбутній неозначений час. Future Indefinite Tense.

Ex. 1. Translate into English using the Future Simple Tense.

1. Я буду пити апельсиновый сік. 2. Він зустрінеться з Джимом наступного тижня. 3. Він вивчить англійську в наступному році? 4. Я буду користуватися комп’ютером? 5. Що він буде робити наступного тижня? 6. Куди ви поїдете? 7. Що він буде читати? 8. Завтра я не буду грати в футбол. 9. Вони не поїдуть на море в наступному році.

If, when – clauses

Remember! You always use the Present Simple Tense instead of Future Simple Tense after the following conjunctions: if, when, as soon as, before, till, until, after, unless.

Ex. 2. Translate into Ukrainian. Name the tenses in English (Present Simple or Future Simple) and in Ukrainian translation (майбутній час).

1. We will go to the country if the weather is fine. 2. We won’t go outside when it rains. 3. They will wait until (till) you come back. 4. You will go to the sea after you pass your exam. 5. If the weather is fine we will go to the country. 6. After you pass your exams you will go to the sea.

Ex. 3. Replace the infinitives in brackets by the Present Simple or Future Simple tenses.

1. We (to go) to the cinema tomorrow if we (to have) time. 2. Jane will look after her little brother till her mother (to come) back. 3. When we (to pass) our exams we will go to the sea. 4. When the teacher (to come) into the classroom the students will stand up.

Ex. 4. Combine the sentences as in the model. Model: He will come tomorrow. We will play basketball. – If he comes tomorrow we will play basketball.

1. We will not go to the cinema. We will watch TV. 2. The wind will blow from the West. It will rain. 3. You won’t wake me up. I will miss train. 4. He will not come in time. We will go without him. 5. It will rain on Sunday. The children will stay at home.

Ex. 5. Translate from Ukrainian into English.

1. Якщо він зателефонує мені, ми зустрінемось завтра. 2. Якщо ти будеш робити ранкову зарядку, в тебе буде гарне здоров’я. 3. Я піду в кафе, коли закінчу роботу. 4. Як тільки пролунає дзвінок, студенти здадуть роботи. 5. Як тільки прийде Джон, ми підемо на ділову зустріч. 6. Він поїде на південь, як тільки здасть екзамени. 7. Почекай тут, поки я прийду. 9. Він не піде до лікарні, поки не відчує себе погано. 10. Мы поїдемо в ліс, якщо погода буде гарна. 11.Як тільки прийде таксі, ми поїдемо на вокзал. 12. Якщо ти не будеш працювати старанно, ти не вивчиш англійську мову. 13. Якщо ти не встанеш о шостій, ти запізнишся на уроки.

Ex. 6. Finish the sentences in a suitable way.

1. He will arrive in Moscow as soon as… 2. They will go to London if… 3. Steve will find a new job before… 4. I will graduate from the university when … 5. He will forget you when … 6. You will be fat unless… 7. Your eyes will hurt… 8. When he leaves our town… 9. When they finish work at last… 10. If he comes in time… 11. If you don’t take an umbrella… 12. As soon as I see him … 8. As soon as the teacher comes into the classroom… 9. Unless you eat a lot of vegetables … 10. Unless you get a good night’s sleep… 11. Unless you stand up straight …

Робота над текстом за профілем спрямування: Poison

Poison is any agent that may produce chemically an injurious or deadly effect when introduced into the body in sufficient quantity. Some poison can be deadly in minute quantities; others only if relatively large amounts are involved. Factors of importance in determining the severity of a poison include the nature of the poison itself, the concentration and amount, the route of administration, the length of exposure, and the age, and physical health of the individual. If poisoning is suspected a physician or poison control center should be called immediately. The remainder of the poison and its container should be saved; the label may list ingredients, first aid measures, or antidotes. For most ingested poison emptying the stomach is the most important treatment; vomiting is best accomplished in the conscious individual by administering syrup of ipecac with large quantities of water. The major exceptions to this treatment are in cases of ingestion of corrosives, such as lye, and certain hydrocarbons, such as kerosene. In corrosive ingestions a small amount of milk may be given, but vomiting should hot be induced since the damage that may have already been sustained by the mucous membranes of the esophagus and stomach may advance to perforation; the patient should be seen by a physician as soon as possible. Hydrocarbons are extremely volatile, and the dangers of their being aspirated into the lungs when vomiting is induced are greater than their toxicity if absorbed into the body. In gas or vapor poisoning the patient should be carried to a nonpolluted atmosphere; artificial respiration should be employed if necessary. If any poison has been absorbed through the skin, all contaminated garments should be removed immediately and the skin washed with soap and water.

Література:

1. Барановська Т.В. Граматика англійської мови. Збірник вправ: Навч. посібник. Видання друге, виправлене та доповненею – Мова англ., укр. – Київ: ТОВ “ВП Логос-М», 2007. – 384с.

2. Л.В. Мисик, А.Л. Арцишевська, Л.Р. Кузнєцова, Л.Л. Поплавська. Англійська мова. Комунікативний аспект. / За ред. доц. Мисик Л.В. – Підручник. – К.: Атіка, 2000. – 368с.

3. Гужва Т. М. Англійська мова: Розмовні теми: Навч. посіб. Для студентів фак. Інозем. Філології, університетів, ліцеїв, гімназій та коледжів. – Харків: Фоліо, 2005. – 414с.

4. Бессонова І. В. Англійська мова (за професійним спрямуванням). Навчальний посібник для дистанційного навчання. – К.: Університет «Україна», 2005. – 263с.

Практичне заняття № 3

Тема: Херсон. Історія та сучасність.

Kherson is the southern Ukrainian city. It is built on the right bank of the river Dnieper. If you want to go to the Black Sea it will take you 1,5 hours by car or 2 hours by bus. The climate here is dry. Winters are cold and summers are hot, and the winds often blow. In summer many people go to the river bank or to the Black Sea, and there are many fruit and vegetables: apples, cherries, strawberries, peaches, grapes, tomatoes, cucumbers, potatoes, etc.

Population of Kherson is nearly 360, 000 people. Today it is a large sea- and river-port. There are two bridges over the Dnieper which join Kherson and a smaller town Tsurupinsk. There are wonderful views of the river and the countryside. There is fresh air and good climate, so many tourists visit Kherson in summer. Kherson is over 200 years old. Admiral Ushakov and his soldiers built many ships here in the 18^th century and fought with Turkish army. Russian army won.

10 years ago the main branches of industry here were ship-building, textile and building of agricultural machines. But there is an economic crisis in Ukraine nowadays, so many factories closed down. Nowadays the main branches of industry are ship-building and tinned food factories, but there is not enough work for all people. Those who work don’t earn much. There are many good colleges and universities such as the Kherson State University, the Technical University, the Shipbuilding University and the Agricultural University.

There is a good drama theatre and a puppet-show. If you like painting you can go to the Art Museum. There are good pictures of the painters of the 18^th, 19^th and 20^th centuries. There are also many bars, cinemas, clubs, gyms. People sometimes call Kherson «a green city» because there are many parks there.

Граматичний матеріал: Майбутній подовжений час. Future Continuous Tense.

Sandra: Where is Tim going to meet us?

Marcus: He (wait) for us when our train arrives. I am sure he (stand) on the platform when we pull into the station.

Sandra: And then what?

Marcus: We (pick) Michele up at work and go out to dinner.

2.

Ted: When we get to the party, Jerry (watch) TV, Sam (make) drinks, Beth (dance) by herself, and Thad (complain) about his day at work.

Robin: Maybe, this time they won't be doing the same things.

Ted: I am absolutely positive they (do) the same things; they always do the same things.

3.

Doug: If you need to contact me next week, I (stay) at the Hoffman Hotel.

Nancy: I (call) you if there are any problems.

Doug: This is the first time I have ever been away from the kids.

Nancy: Don't worry, they (be) be fine.

Робота над текстом за профілем спрямування:

Chernobyl Catastrophe

On the 26 of April 1986 a catastrophe broke out 12 kilometers off the Belarusian border. It was the major break-down of the power unit at the Chernobyl nuclear power station. It is the most severe catastrophe throughout the entire world history of the atomic energy use by its scale, complexity and long-term consequences. As the result of the explosion of the failed reactor a huge amount of radioactive substances was released into the atmosphere. Later on they left the large fall-out "spots" on the ground surface. 23% of the territory of Belarus, 4.8% of the territory of the Ukraine and 0.5% of the territory of Russia were contaminated. The radiation situation was determined by radionuclide with the period of half-decay from 8 days till 24390 years.

After the Chernobyl accident Belarus has become the zone of the ecological disaster. The situation got worse because radioactive contamination coincided with the formerly existing zones of high chemical pollution. 260.000 hectares of agricultural lands are forbidden to use for farming purposes. Thousands of hectares of forests are contaminated with radioactive elements. The Chernobyl catastrophe has affected the destinies of millions of people. The radioactive contamination of the ecosystems has created the conditions for making it impossible to conduct the agricultural production and manage forestry in the normal way for many decades. In order to decrease the influence of radiation on the people considerable work was done during the post-accident period. Measures were taken to evacuate the people from the most dangerous districts, to provide for their medical check-up and treatment. Various measures were almost carried out - radioactive decontamination, agricultural treatment of soil, provision of clean food. However, these measures are not enough yet. And international co-operation in this field serves the interests of the entire mankind.

Література:

1. Л.В. Мисик, А.Л. Арцишевська, Л.Р. Кузнєцова, Л.Л. Поплавська. Англійська мова. Комунікативний аспект. / За ред. доц. Мисик Л.В. – Підручник. – К.: Атіка, 2000. – 368с.

Практичне заняття № 4

Тема: Херсон. Історія та сучасність.

__The most outstanding events of history of Kherson happened in the 18th century. In 1737 on the right coast of Dnipro-Slavutych there was constructed Russian field fortification Oleksandr-Shants which became the predecessor of present Kherson. In 1778 on a place of fortification there was started building of a new city. It was the first sign, a touchstone in development of the South, large steppe zone. Probably, for this reason a city has been named Kherson in honor of prospering Ancient Greek city of Chersonese in which Kyiv Prince Volodymyr was baptized in 988 year. It has arisen by order of Empress Katherine the Great and became not only a fortress of Northern Black Sea Coast, but also a cradle of the Black Sea fleet, the economic and political centre, southern capital of the big empire.

__The history of establishment of Kherson is connected with outstanding historical figures. Prince Hryhory Potyomkin - governor general of Novorosiya is the city founder. According to his will he was buried in Katherine Cathedral in Kherson. Fortress and city construction was put on general master to I.A. Hannibal, and later this mission was carried out by colonel general M.I. Korsakov. The future outstanding naval commander, admiral F.F. Ushakov took part in building of the ships. Outstanding military figure, the generalissimo O.V. Suvorov supervised strengthening of the Kherson fortress and intrigues to the city. Under his influence there was formed commander talent of M.I. Kutuzov and the future admiral, one of the founders of Odessa, Spaniard O.M. Derybas. In Kherson the English humanist, philanthropist, public figure, sheriff of a county Bedford in the Great Britain John Howard was also buried; fulfilling humanistic mission he studied in Kherson a condition of hospitals and hospitals for poor, prisoners in prisons and helped with typhus epidemic control.

__In the city there are constructed monuments to H.O. Potyomkin, O.V. Suvorov, F.F. Ushakov, John Howard and many other outstanding people. Streets and squares are named after their names.

__Many citizens of Kherson are known in the world. Our fellow countrymen: N. Durova, the glorified heroine of Patriotic War of 1812, writers: A.A. Fet, M. Kulish, B. Lavrenyov; outstanding historian E.V. Tarle. The creative talent of Soviet film director S. Bondarchuk, the film director, the national actor of the USSR E. Matveev, the Ukrainian actor and director H. Deliev was developed here.

__Kherson people are known in the sports world. L. Latynina - the first Olympic champion on art gymnastics; M. Startsev - the goalkeeper of national football team; S. Vsevolodov - the world champion, honored coach of Ukraine, the president of the Ukrainian union of kyokushin karate; Moshe Sharet - the second prime minister of Israel; Serhiy Stanishev - the present prime minister of Bulgaria.

2. Граматичний матеріал: Граматичний матеріал: Повторення видо-часових форм Present Simple, Past Simple, Future Simple, Present Continuous Tenses

Ex. 1. Open the brackets using the correct form of the verb (Present Simple, Past Simple, Future Simple, Present Continuous).

1. The teacher usually (to explain) grammar rules in the middle of the lesson. 2. I (to play) in the yard after 3 o’clock every day. 3. My father (to drive) the car very well. 4. I get at 6 o’clock every morning. 5. My brother (to sit) in the arm-chair now. 6. Look! The boys (to ride) bicycles. 7. The pupils (to visit) the Art gallery last week. 8. My relatives (to buy) a car yesterday. 9. They (to learn) Spanish next year. 10. She (to go) to school 6 days a week? 11. They always (to spend) their winter holidays in the Carpathians? 12. You (to dance) in the club on Saturdays? 13. Peter and Mary (to dance) now? 14. You (to read) a detective story at the moment? 15. Mike (to have) a good time now? 16. The pupils (to write) a composition last week? 17. The children (to go) to the forest tomorrow? 18. They (not to discuss) texts at the English lessons. 19. He (not to listen) to classical music. 20. Where’s father? He (not to work) in the garden. 21. George (not to prepare) for examination last week.

Past Continuous.

Ex. 2. Make the following sentences interrogative and negative.

1. We were working at 4 o’clock yesterday. 2. She was leaving the house at that time. 3. My friends were walking in the street at 10 yesterday. 4. When I came back my mother was cooking dinner. 5. I was having a bath when the phone rang.

Робота над текстом за профілем спрямування: “Radiation Sickness”

Radiation Sickness is a harmful effect produced on body tissues by exposure to radioactive substances. The biological action of radiation is not fully understood, but it is believed that a disturbance in cellular activity results from the chemical changes caused by ionization. Some body tissues are more sensitive to radiation than others and are more easily affected; the cells in the blood-forming tissues (bone marrow, spleen, and lymph nodes) are extremely sensitive. Radiation sickness may occur from exposure to a single massive emanation such as a nuclear explosion, or it may occur after repeated exposure to even very small doses in a plant or laboratory, since radiation effects are cumulative. Moreover, solar radiation in sufficient quantity is enough to cause tissue destruction; persons unduly exposed to sunlight, such as farmers and sailors, have a far greater incidence of skin cancer than has the general population. Radiation sickness may be fairly mild and transitory, consisting of weakness, loss of appetite, vomiting, and diarrhea. A mild dose of radiation increases the tendency to bleed and reduces the body's defense against infection. After a massive dose of radiation the reaction may be so severe that death quickly ensues. This is usually due to severe anemia or hemorrhage, to infection, or to dehydration. Extremely high doses damage the tissues of the brain, and death usually follows within 48 hr. There is no radiation sickness, although it is sometimes possible for persons to survive otherwise lethal doses of radiation can cause genetic mutation; the progeny of those subjected to excessive radiation tend to show deleterious genetic changes. Persons working with radioactive materials or X rays protect themselves from excessive exposure to radiation by shields and special clothing usually containing lead. Processes involving radioactive substances are observed through thick plates of specially prepared glass that exclude the harmful rays. A dosimeter, a device measuring the amount of radiation to which an individual has been exposed, is always worn by persons working in radioactive areas.

Література:

1. Барановська Т.В. Граматика англійської мови. Збірник вправ: Навч. посібник. Видання друге, виправлене та доповненею – Мова англ., укр. – Київ: ТОВ “ВП Логос-М», 2007. – 384с.

2. Л.В. Мисик, А.Л. Арцишевська, Л.Р. Кузнєцова, Л.Л. Поплавська. Англійська мова. Комунікативний аспект. / За ред. доц. Мисик Л.В. – Підручник. – К.: Атіка, 2000. – 368с.

Практичне заняття № 5

Тема: Подорож рідним містом. Види транспорту.

GETTING ABOUT TOWN

Topical words:

to get about town пересуватися містом

to get on the bus сідати на автобус

to get off the bus виходити з автобуса

to go by tube / subway (Am) їхати на метро

to go on foot йти пішки

to change a bus пересідати на інший автобус

fare платня за проїзд

to cross the street переходити через вулицю

traffic lights світлофор

rush hours години пік

parking place місце для стоянки

How could I get to ...? Як мені дістатися до ...?

Could you show me the way to ...? Покажіть мені дорогу до ...

Am I right for ...? Чи я правильно йду до ..?

go straight [streit] йдіть прямо

turn round the corner поверніть за ріг

turn to the right / left поверніть праворуч / ліворуч

is it far from here? Це далеко звідси?

How long will it take me to get there? Скільки часу необхідно, щоб дістатися туди?

1. Read the text Put questions to the text and retell it:

In the streets, roads and squares of the town we see people walking and vehicles driving. The vehicles are: trams, buses, trolley-buses, taxis and motor-cycles, motor-scooters and bicycles.

Along the streets there are street lamps, at the corners of the streets there are traffic lights. The street lights are switched on when it gets dark; they are switched off when it gets light. When the red traffic light is switched on, the traffic stops: when the green light is switched on, the vehicles drive on.

Along the streets we also see bus, trolley-bus and tram stops. This is where get on and off. People wait for buses at the stops. They get on and of public transport there. In the streets there are also Tube stations where people get on and off the underground electric railway.

At big crossroads in large towns and cities there are subways for pedestrian, and fly-over for vehicles. There are sometimes subways for traffic too. At nearly all street corners there are pedestrian crossings for people to cross the road.

In England vehicles drive on the left. In Ukraine the traffic drives on the right.

Outside the towns, we travel from one place to another by train, plane or boat

2 . Ask your friend:

1. what means of transport he prefers:

2. where one should cross the street:

3. what he thinks of the underground in Kyiv/ Moscow?

4. If he has ever used the underground in London or other towns abroad:

5. If he is fond of sightseeing in new towns/ports

Ex 3 Translate into English:

1. Вибачте, будь ласка, де мені пересісти на автобус № 49? 2. Ти взяв квиток? 3. Цей автобус довезе вас прямо до музею. 4. Я їду до станції метро "Дарниця". 5. Ми виходимо на наступній зупинці. 6. Автобус був переповнений, і ми не змогли ввійти. 7. Подивись, чи у тебе є дрібні гроші? 8. Ви виходите на наступній зупинці? 9. Мені здається, що ми сіли не на той тролейбус. 10. Якщо ви поїдете туди на метро, то будете на місці за 5 хвилин.

5. Give the Ukrainian equivalents for the following:

"No Let Turn", "Cross Here", "Parking", "No Parking'', "Slow Down", ^uNo Passage", "Horns Forbidden", "No Admittance", "Keep Left", "Admittance Free", "Used Tickets", "Bus Stop Request", "Station Full" (at the parking lot), "One Way Only", "Filling Station", "No Stopping", "Private", •'Beware of Cars", "Two Line Traffic", "Look Out When Crossing", "Road Under Construction", "Wet Paint", "Taxi-stand", "Keep Off the Grass", "Tickets and Trains" (in the London Tube), "For Litter", "Obey Pak Regulations", "Keep Our Town Clean".

Граматичний матеріал: Звороти there is, there are.

Exercise 1 Insert much, many, little, a little, few, a few:

f. I'd like to say ... words about my traveling. 2. She gave him ... water to wash his hands and face. 3. He had ... English books at home, so he had to go to the library. 4. After the lesson everybody felt... tired. 5. Let's stay here ... longer. I like it here. 6. There were ... new words in the text and Igor spent... time learning them. 7. There was ... sugar in the bowl, and we had to put... sugar there. 8. My mother knows German ... and she can help you with the translation of this text. 10. When we walked ... farther down the road we met another group of pupils. 11. Have you got ... time before the lesson?

Exercise 2 Translate into English:

Много тетрадей, много молока, много воды, много дней, много газет, много мела, много снега, много лет, много картин, много музыки, много сахара, много чая, много лимонов, много мяса, много комнат, много учителей, много работы, много воздуха, много птиц, много машин.

Exercise 3 Insert much or many:

l. Please don't ask me ... questions. 2. How ... money have you got? 3. I never eat... bread with soup. 4. Why did you eat so ... ice-cream? 5. She wrote us ... letters from the country. 6. ... of these students don't like to look up words in the dictionary. 7.... in this work was too difficult for me.8. He spent... time writing his composition in Literature, 9. There were... plated on the table. 10. Thank you very ...1l. ... of my friends are preparing for their entrance examinations now. 12. I don't like ... sugar in my tea.

Exercise 4 Translate into English:

1. В стакане есть немного молока. 2. В тетради оста­лось мало чистых страниц. 3. У тебя много кофе? - Нет, очень мало. 4. Немногие из англичан говорят по-русски. 5. У них здесь очень мало друзей. 6. У него очень мало времени для чтения. 7. У Пола много русских книг и мало английских книг. 8. У меня есть немного времени вечером, чтобы закончить эту работу. 9. Я провожу мно­го времени в библиотеке, потому что я готовлюсь к экза­менам.

Робота над текстом за профілем спрямування: World Problems of Ecology

Until recently the planet was a large world in which human activities and the nature were in balance. Acid rain, global warming, ozone reduction, widespread desertification and species loss: we have to face them now. Ecology and economy are very closely connected. First economy influenced the state of our environment. Now we pave to face degradation of soils, water, atmosphere and forests. Billions of trees are dying in Germany's Black Forest and thousands of lakes in Sweden are so acidic that nothing can live in them. In Scotland farmers complain that acid rains kill their fish. Forests in Denmark, France, Northern Italy, Greece and Norway are damaged. Thousands of lakes in Canada and the USA can no longer support their life. The Mediterranean Sea has one of the dirtiest coastlines fin the world. Ten million tons of oil, industrial waste, chemicals are pumped into the sea every year. It causes diseases like typhoid, dysentery, hepatitis and cholera. The Rhone in France, the Po in Italy, the Ebro in Spain and the Nile in Egypt carry pesticides and chemical wastes. Many industries produce waste products, which can be difficult or dangerous to dispose of. Many countries have no storage facilities for the spent nuclear fuel. The search for ways to dispose of radioactive waste goes on.

In 1982 seventeen countries took part in the United Nations environmental programmer. The World Commission on Environment land Development, headed by the Prime Minister of Norway, was set lap in 1983 by the United Nations. Its aim was to examine the environment and development problems on the planet and to formulate realistic proposals to solve them. Now some chemicals are banned and some must be controlled. In several countries there is frequent analysis of the water around the coasts. The time has come for the governments and their people to take responsibility for the policies that cause the environmental damage.

Оберіть правильний переклад речень:

1. The lakes are so acidic that nothing can live in them.

А. Вода в озерах кислотна, тому нічого не може вижити в них.

В. Вода в озерах настільки кислотна, що нічого не може вижити в них.

С. Вода в озерах стає такою кислотною, тому нічого не живе тут.

2. In Scotland farmers complain that acid rains kill their fish.

А. У Шотландії фермери скаржилися, що кислотні дощі вбиватимуть їхню рибу.

В. У Шотландії фермери скаржилися, що кислотні дощі вбивають їхню рибу.

С. У Шотландії фермери скаржаться, що кислотні дощі вбивають їхню рибу.

3. Ecology and economy are very closely connected.

А. Екологія та економіка дуже закриті для сторонніх зв’язків.

В. Екологія та економіка дуже тісно пов’язані.

С. Екологію та економіку дуже складно зв’язати.

4. The governments must take responsibility for the policies that cause the environmental damage.

А. Уряди мають взяти відповідальність за політику, що призводить до руйнування навколишнього середовища.

В. Уряди мають взяти відповідальність разом з поліцією та припинити руйнування навколишнього середовища.

С. Уряд має взяти відповідальність за політику та припинити руйнування навколишнього середовища.

5. Now some chemicals are banned.

А. Тепер більшість хімікатів заборонені.

В. Сьогодні до деяких хімічних речовин ставляться негативно.

С. Сьогодні деякі хімічні речовини заборонені.

6. Наразі діяльність людини знаходиться у дисбалансі з природою.

А. Now the human activity and the nature were in balance.

В. Now the humanity activity and the natural are not in balance.

С. Now the human activity and the nature are not in balance.

7. Сьогодні ми повинні усвідомити проблеми навколишнього середовища.

А. There are many environmental problems nowadays.

В. We have to face the environmental problems now.

С. Today we can understand the problems of the environment.

8. Середземноморське узбережжя брудніше за узбережжя Чорного моря.

А. The coastline of the Mediterranean Sea is dirtiest than the Black Sea coast.

В. The coastline of the Mediterranean Sea is dirty than the Black Sea coasting.

С. The coastline of the Mediterranean Sea is dirtier than the Black Sea coast.

9. Eкологи намагаються знайти засоби збереження радіоактивних відходів.

А. Environmentalists try to find the storage facilities for the radioactive wastes.

В. Environmentalists tried to find the storage facilities for the radioactive fuel.

С. Environmentalists try to find the storage facilities for the industrial wastes.

10. Забруднене повітря спричиняє хвороби.

А. Air pollution causes diseases.

В. Air pollution is caused by diseases.

С. Air pollution are caused by diseases.

Література:

1. Барановська Т.В. Граматика англійської мови. Збірник вправ: Навч. посібник. Видання друге, виправлене та доповненею – Мова англ., укр. – Київ: ТОВ “ВП Логос-М», 2007. – 384с.

2. Л.В. Мисик, А.Л. Арцишевська, Л.Р. Кузнєцова, Л.Л. Поплавська. Англійська мова. Комунікативний аспект. / За ред. доц. Мисик Л.В. – Підручник. – К.: Атіка, 2000. – 368с.

Модуль самостійної роботи:

1. Модальні дієслова.

2. Написати твір «Україна сьогодні: падіння та злети».

3. Індивідуальне читання за фахом.

Модальні дієслова.

Питання:

1. Що таке модальні дієслова? Які модальні дієслова ви знаєте? Як утворюються питальна та заперечна форма теперішнього та минулого часу модальних дієслів?

2. Після яких модальних дієслів інфінітив вживається без частки to, а після яких – з цією часткою?

3. Яке словосполучення вживається у майбутньому часі замість дієслова can?

4. Як за допомогою модального дієслова can можна виразити сумнів, здивування (невже?), невіру (не може бути)?

5. За допомогою якої форми з модальними дієсловами can, may можна виразити, що дія могла відбутися, але не відбулася?

6. За допомогою якого модального дієслова виражають можливість, припущення?

7. За допомогою якого модального дієслова можна виразити обов’язок, необхідність?

8. Які дієслова виражають пораду, рекомендацію?

9. В яких ситуаціях вживаються модальні дієслова to have і to be? Як утворюються часові форми цих модальних дієслів?

10. Що ви можете сказати про модальні дієслова need i dare?

Вправа 1. Оберіть потрібне модальне дієслово:

1. (Can, may, must) you play the piano?

2. (Can, may, should) I watch TV before going to bed?

3. I am sure I (can, may, need) do the work myself.

4. Mary (can, must) finish the work at once.

5. (Have, may, can) you start working immediately?

6. I (can, am, may) to come to the examination at 9 o’clock.

7. (must, can, may) I trouble you for a glass of water?

8. He (have, has, must) to learn English.

9. You (must, can, may) follow my advice. There is no way out for you.

10. (Am, must, may) I have a look at your painting?

11. (Have, can, may) you play the piano?

12. You (can, may, must) stay a little longer if you like.

13. I (may, can, have) not hear you. Speak louder.

14. You (have, must, can) return this book to the library. We all need it.

Вправа 2. Перефразуйте речення, вживаючи Perfect Infinitive (дивись модель):

a) Model: I could prepare the report but I didn’t do it. – I could have prepared the report.

1. They could help him but they didn’t do it.

2. She could pass her examination in chemistry but she failed.

3. She could buy this book but she didn’t buy it.

4. Our football players could win the match but they lost it.

5. I could learn the poem by heart but I had no time for it.

b) Model: I nearly lost my way. – I might have lost my way.

1. He nearly broke the window.

2. I nearly forgot about it.

3. She nearly fell asleep.

4. The news nearly killed him.

5. I nearly caught cold.

Література:

1. Верба Л.Г., Верба Г.В. Граматика сучасної англійської мови. Довідник: Київ, ТОВ «ВП Логос», 2002. – 352 с.

2. Голицынский Ю.В. Граматика: сборник упражнений. – СПб.: ИПЦ «Каро», 2000. – 506 с.

Індивідуальна робота за семестр:

1. Підготувати доповідь «Відомі люди країни» .

2. Індивідуальне читання за фахом.

3. Словник-мінімум (за професійним спрямуванням).

Індивідуальне читання за фахом. Робота над текстом за профілем спрямування:

“Protein, Minerals, Vitamins”.

Protein is a component of every body cell and important for building the maternal blood supply. Protein also is nec­essary for hair, skin, muscle, nerve tissue and brain de­velopment. Women need approximately 10 more grams of protein daily.

Minerals. Calcium and phosphorus are important miner­als in bone development.

Dairy products are excellent sources of both calcium and phosphorus, as well as of vitamin D which is necessary for calcium absorption.

Zinc is another mineral needed for body growth and de­velopment. Good food sources of zinc include meat, liver, eggs, seafood.

Iron builds blood volume and muscle. Many women enter pregnancy with low iron stores, resulting in anemia. Foods rich in iron include red meat, es­pecially liver, raisins and fortified breads and cereals.

Vitamins. Folic acid is a vitamin important in protein metabolism, particularly in periods of rapid growth. Pregnant women should start the day with a good breakfast. Fortified ready-to eat cereal with milk and a glass of orange juice will provide at least half needs. Green leafy vegetables, liver and lentils are other good sources of folic acid.

Topical Vocabulary.

1. Protein [ ] n белок

2. cell [ ] n клетка

3. maternal [ ] а материнский

4. nerve tissue [ ] нервная ткань

5. brain [brein] n мозг

6. dairy [ ] а молочная

7. minerals [ ] n минералы

8. calcium [ ] n кальций

9. phosphorus [ ] n фосфор

10. to require [ ] v нуждаться

11. source [ ] n источник

12. adsorption [ ] n поглощение, всасывание

13. zinc [ ] n цинк

14. iron [ ] п железо

15. anemia [ ] п анемия

16. metabolism [ ] n обмен веществ

17. cereal [s ] n злаки, крупа.

Ex 1 Translate into English.

каждая клетка тела, для построения, развитие мозга, более 10 г белка ежедневно, 50 %, до беременности, мо­лочные продукты, кальций, фосфор, витамин Д, цинк — другой минерал, включают мясо, печень, яйца, мореп­родукты, низкое содержание железа, анемия, пища, бо­гатая железом, злаки, начинать день, стакан апельсино­вого сока, листовые овощи, фолиевая кислота.

Підсумкова тека:

Контроль засвоєння граматичного матеріалу.

Ex. 1. Choose the word (a, b, c, d) that best completes the sentence. Write the number of the sentence and the letter of the answer, e.g. 1 dc, 2 ab, 3 ab.

1. Look at Ann! She ... on interesting book (a) is reading; b) reads). She ... every day (c) is reading; d) reads). 2. Listen! John ... in his room (a) sings; b) is singing). He ... very well (c) sings; d) is singing). 3. Usually girls ... tea in the morning (a) drink; b) are drinking). Now they ... coffee (c) are drinking; d) drink).

Exercise 2. Put the verb in brackets into the Present, Past or Future Continuous Tense.

1. He (to take) a bath now. 2. I (not to laugh) at you. 3. He (to come) here next week. 4. If I (to sleep) when he comes, please, wake me up. 5. What journal you (to read) when I came to the library? 6. The whole family (to have) dinner when the telephone rang. 7. Where he (to go) when the rain started? 8. She (to sing) over the radio at 5 o'clock tomorrow. 9. They will not go on excursion with us. They (to have) a lecture at 2 o'clock. 10. What you (to do) from 2 till 3 o'clock tomorrow? 11. The children (to play) when we return home. 12. Look! It is getting dark. It (to rain) in a minute.

Exercise 3. Form questions with the question words given.

1. The expedition is returning next week. (When) 2. We are doing grammar exercises now. (What) 3. The mother is teaching her little son to read. (Who) 4. I am reading a book on modern art. (What) 5. They were still arguing when I entered the room. (Who)

6. Our group was staying in Vitebsk for some days. (For how long)

7. We were talking and he was listening to the radio. (What)

8. They will be moving to a new flat this month, (When) 9. We shall be listening to Petrov at the concert. (When) 10. He is coming tomorrow. (When)

Exercise 4. Translate into English.

1. Что вы обсуждаете? — Мы обсуждаем план будущей экскурсии. 2. Вы идете в кино с нами? 3. О чем вы сейчас думаете? 4. Автобус уже отправлялся, когда я подошел к остановке. 5. Что он делал, когда вы зашли к нему? 6. Идет дождь, и мы не можем поехать за город.