Устные темы к экзамену по английскому языку ( учить)

6. Russian School System

Classroom work often means reciting and being tested in a written form or orally by the teacher and sometimes evaluated by the teacher in front of the class. Criticism by the teacher in front of the class is frequent and accepted.

Russian children go to school at the age between 6 and 7. They attend school for 10 years and then finish it at 16 (or17). If one does not perform properly during the acadenic year and one's grades are below satisfactory, he or she can be forced to study the failed year again ('to be left for the second year' as it is said here in Russia). They usually spend all the ten years in one buildingas all the three schools are in the same building.

School years are divided into 3 sub-schools: primary, secondary and high. Primary is 4 years, secondary is 5 and high is 2. School starts on September 1 and remains in session till the end of May, with June being the month of exams.

The school year is comprised of 4 terms with vacations in between: one week in November, two weeks in January, and one week in the end of March and almost 3 months in summer (except for the time when students are busy with their exams).

Some subjects are a must, some are optional. This is list of the normal classes tought at Russian schools:

Russian Literature

Russian Langauge

Mathematics

Algebra and Geometry (mostly studied in senior classes),

Physics

Chemistry

Russian History

World History

Geography

Biology

Foreign Languages (English, German, French, or Spanish), usually one at a time

Physical Educaion

Cooking, Arts and Crafts (for girls)

Manual Work (for boys)

Art of Drawing

Music

Astronomy

Some scools may devote more attention to certain subjects. Then it is a Spanish, Literature or Math school, whatever the area of the major school interest is.

The normal class size is 20-30 students.The students are together from the 1st till the last grade. The primary school pupils have one teacher for all the subjects tought (reading, writing, mathematics etc). As so children do not have to adjust to every new teacher of a differnt subject.

The school day normally starts at 8 o'clock in morning and finishes at 1 or 2 o'clock in the afternoon. Students come to school 5 days a week, some study on Saturdays.

The period lasts 40-45 minutes with a 5 or 15 minute break in between. Students have four classes a day in the primary school, five or six in the secondary, six or seven if it is the senior high school.

Students are normally graded on the scale from 2 to 5 , with "5" being the top grade. Each student has his or her personal book of records of academic achievments, or the "diary" (the word, a lot of students and teachers would call it), where the teacher would record the grades for the student after a test or an oral report.

Annotation of a text: Motivation (1 модуль) (письменно написать и сдать в течении 1 модуля)

Motivation

Selection, training, evaluation and discipline cannot guarantee a high level of employee performance. Motivation, the inner force that directs employee behavior, also plays an important role. Highly motivated people perform better than unmotivated people. Motivation covers up ability and skill deficiencies in employees. Such truisms about motivation leave employers wanting to be surrounded by highly motivated people but unequipped to motivate their employees. Employers and supervisors want easily applied motivation models but such models are unavailable.

Three ways of looking at motivation are: needs, rewards and effort. The needs approach stems from the notion that peoples' unsatisfied needs drive their behavior. Figure out a person's needs, satisfy the needs and the person will be motivated. For example, a person with a high need to satisfy goals is motivated by production targets. The rewards approach is based on the expectation that rewarded behavior is repeated. Giving a person a bonus for excellent performance during a difficult harvest period encourages the person to make a special effort during the next difficult harvest. The effort approach to motivation is based on the expectation that effort brings the worker what he or she wants. The thought that working hard leads to advancement and new career opportunities is consistent with the effort approach. The effort approach includes a presumption that the employer is fair, i.e., effort is recognized and rewarded. Managers cannot reduce motivation to a simple choice of one of these approaches. Each of the three approaches contributes to an understanding of motivation and how motivation varies person to person and over time.

«The most effective motivation for employees comes from within each employee, i.e., self-motivation. Possible indicators of self-motivation include: past accomplishments in school, sports, organizations and work; stated career goals and other kinds of goals; expertise in one or more areas that shows evidence of craftsmanship, pride in knowledge and abilities, and self-confidence; an evident desire to continue to learn; and a general enthusiasm for life.»

By students

SAINt-Petersburg STATE Polytechnical University

Faculty of Economics and Management

Department of Economics and Management of Machine Production Enterprise

Course Paper «Functions of Management»

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