- •Chapter I accounting as a career. The basic accounting concepts
- •Text a the field of accounting
- •Exercises
- •VII. Read the text and describe four major accounting job categories.
- •Internal auditors
- •Becoming an accountant
- •Text b accounting concepts
- •Exercises
- •I. Find in the text the words to complete the following phrases and use them in the sentences of your own to illustrate their meaning.
- •II. Find in the text English equivalents to the following words and word combinations. Make sentences of your own with these phrases.
- •III. What do the following abbreviations mean? Check the answers in the article below.
- •International accounting
- •IV. The article in Ex. III mentions four basic principles of accounting. Match them to the definitions below.
- •V. Complete the following statements and explain your choice.
- •VI Answer the following questions.
- •VII. Translate into English.
- •VIII. Revise the information given in Unit 1 and test yourself. Discuss your choice with your partner.
- •IX. Summarize the following texts in 50 words.
- •Situations for discussion
- •Chapter II the accounting process
- •Text a starting an accounting system
- •Exercises
- •I. Find in the text Ukrainian equivalents to the following words and word combinations and translate the sentences in which they are used.
- •II. Find in the text English equivalents to the following words and word combinations. Make sentences of your own with these phrases.
- •III. Task 1. Complete the text using the words and translate it into Ukrainian.
- •IV. Fill in the missing prepositions. Translate the passages into Ukrainian.
- •V. Complete the following words.
- •VI. Fill in the missing words (choose from the box). Translate the passage into Ukrainian.
- •VIII. Answer the following questions.
- •IX. Translate into English.
- •Text b double-entry bookkeeping system
- •Exercises
- •II. Test yourself.
- •IV. Summarize the text in 50 words
- •Situations for discussion
- •Chapter III financial statements
- •Text a the balance sheet
- •Intangible Assets
- •Exercises
- •I. Find in the text Ukrainian equivalents to the following words and word combinations and translate the sentences in which they are used.
- •II. Find in the text English equivalents to the following words and word combinations. Make sentences of your own with these phrases.
- •III. Answer the following questions.
- •IV. What kind of assets is each of the following? Which three are not assets? Explain your choice.
- •V. Accountants use different terms to denote the same notions. Match these accounting terms with the definitions below and translate them into English.
- •Intangible assets
- •VI. Fill in the missing entries in the Balance Sheet below. Choose from the following.
- •In the company’s books:
- •VIII. Translate into English.
- •Text b the profit and loss account (the income statement) the cash-flow statement
- •Exercises
- •I. Give Ukrainian equivalents to the following phrases and translate the sentences in which they are used.
- •II. Find in the text English equivalents to the following words and word combinations. Make sentences of your own with these phrases.
- •III Answer the following questions.
- •IV. Match the terms to their definitions.
- •V. Fill in the missing words in the sentences below. Choose from the box.
- •VI. Here is a letter from a firm of accountants to a client. Complete the letter by inserting the missing phrases. Choose from the box below.
- •VII Task 1. Insert the following words in the gaps in the text and translate it into Ukrainian.
- •VIII. Insert the following expressions in the gaps in the text and translate it into Ukrainian.
- •IX. Match up the following British and American terms.
- •X. Task 1. Read the text and say what the best way to make the meaning of a company’s ratios clear is.
- •XI. Match the ratios listed in the text with their main functions.
- •Figure 3-3. The general scheme of interrelation of the Chart of Accounts and basic forms of financial reporting
- •XIII. Translate into English.
- •XIV. Revise the information given in Chapter III and decide which of these statements are true or false. Discuss the answers with your partner.
- •Situations for discussion
- •I. Read what different people say about financial statements and fill in the gaps with the words which are given below.
- •II. Which do you think are the two or three most important financial ratios? Why? chapter IV auditing
- •Introduction to auditing
- •Exercises
- •I. Find in the text Ukrainian equivalents to the following words and word combinations and translate the sentences in which they are used.
- •II. Find in the text English equivalents to the following words and word combinations. Make sentences of your own with these phrases.
- •III Answer the following questions.
- •IV. What does an auditor do? Look at the following activities and decide which ones are normally done internally or externally.
- •V. Read passages describing some important aspects of general technology of auditing and answer the following questions.
- •VI. Read and translate the text. Say what risks an auditor must consider and what each type of the risks involve.
- •VII. Task 1. Read the text and answer the questions: What is the role of evidence? How are different kinds of evidence classified?
- •Task 1. Number the following words or expressions given in the box with their underlined equivalents in the text and translate the text into Ukrainian.
- •IX. Translate into English.
- •Text b auditor’s report
- •Auditor’s report on financial statements
- •Unqualified Opinion report
- •Qualified Opinion report
- •Disclaimer of Opinion report
- •Exercises
- •I. Find in the text Ukrainian equivalents to the following words and word combinations and translate the sentences in which they are used.
- •II. Find in the text English equivalents to the following words and word combinations. Make sentences of your own with these phrases.
- •III. Answer the following questions.
- •IV. Fill in the missing prepositional phrases in the following sentences. Choose from the box.
- •V. Uncertainty Expression Terminology.
- •VI. Match the following terms (1-14) with the correct definition (a-n) on the right.
- •VII Read this example of an extract from an independent auditors’ report in the usa and answer the questions.
- •VIII. Translate into English.
- •IX. Summaries the text in about 50 words.
- •Situations for discussion
V. Complete the following statements and explain your choice.
The petrol in the tank of the delivery van, worth $8.50, has not been recorded in the business balance. This is the example of using concept of ______.
The owner is using 10% depreciation on all fixed assets in the business because fixed assets have always been depreciated using this percentage. This is the example of the concept of ______.
A customer is expected to place a substantial order worth $8,800 next month. This is the example of the concept of ______.
Jim feels that the old “Olivetti” typewriter valued at cost $47 on the balance sheet could fetch $350 at auction. This is the example of the concept of ______.
Tom is to put the family holiday on the profit and loss account because he needs the relaxation to help him cope with the rigours of business. This is the example of the concept of ______.
Stocks being valued at the lower of cost or net realizable value is an example of using the ______ concept.
VI Answer the following questions.
When changes in financial information are reported for a specific period of time in the form of financial statements, which accounting concept is being applied?
When financial statements contain all information necessary for a reader to understand a business’ financial condition, which accounting concept is being applied?
When a business’ financial information is recorded and reported separately from the owner’s personal financial information, which accounting concept is being applied?
When the same accounting concepts are applied in the same way in each accounting period, which accounting concept is being applied?
When financial statements are prepared with the expectation that a business will remain in operation indefinitely, which accounting concept is being applied?
When each transaction is described by a business document that proves the transaction did occur, which accounting concept is being applied?
When the actual amount paid or received is recorded in accounting records, which accounting concept is being applied?
When revenue and expenses are recorded in the same accounting period, which accounting concept is being applied?
When revenue is recorded at the time goods or services are sold, which accounting concept is being applied?
When all transactions are recorded in dollars and cents, which accounting concept is being applied?
VII. Translate into English.
Організація бухгалтерського обліку здійснюється на загальних, основоположних бухгалтерських принципах. Ці принципи, по-перше, однакові для різних підприємств: малих, великих; різних форм власності – приватних, державних тощо; різних галузей господарювання – промисловості, торгівлі, банки тощо; різних форм і рівнів господарювання – підприємства, об’єднання, корпорації, до яких вони входять.
Бухгалтерський облік та фінансова звітність в Україні ґрунтуються на таких основних принципах: обачність, повне висвітлення, послідовність, безперервність, нарахування та відповідність доходів і витрат, історична (фактична) собівартість, єдиний грошовий вимірник, періодичність.
Обачність – застосування в бухгалтерському обліку методів оцінки, які повинні запобігати заниженню оцінки забов’язань та витрат і завищенню оцінки активів і доходів підприємства.
Повне висвітлення – фінансова звітність має містити всю інформацію про фактичні та потенційні наслідки господарських операцій і подій, здатних вплинути на рішення, що приймаються на її основі.
Послідовність – постійне застосування підприємством обраної облікової політики. Цей принцип означає застосування в бухгалтерському обліку та фінансовій звітності протягом тривалого часу (як правило, звітного року) обраних методів визначення доходів.
Безперервність – оцінка активів та забов’язань підприємства здійснюється виходячи з припущення, що його діяльність буде тривати далі.
Нарахування та відповідність доходів і витрат – доходи і витрати відображаються в бухгалтерському обліку та фінансовій звітності в момент їх виникнення, незалежно від дати надходження або сплати грошових коштів.
Історична (фактична) собівартість - послуги, вироблена продукція відображаються у бухгалтерському обліку за первісною (фактичною) вартістю їх придбання або виробництва, тобто за фактичними витратами.
Єдиний грошовий вимірник – вимірювання та узагальнення всіх господарських операцій підприємства у його фінансовій звітності здійснюється в єдиній грошовій одиниці.
Періодичність – можливість поділу діяльності підприємства на певні періоди часу з метою складання фінансової звітності.
