- •Chapter I accounting as a career. The basic accounting concepts
- •Text a the field of accounting
- •Exercises
- •VII. Read the text and describe four major accounting job categories.
- •Internal auditors
- •Becoming an accountant
- •Text b accounting concepts
- •Exercises
- •I. Find in the text the words to complete the following phrases and use them in the sentences of your own to illustrate their meaning.
- •II. Find in the text English equivalents to the following words and word combinations. Make sentences of your own with these phrases.
- •III. What do the following abbreviations mean? Check the answers in the article below.
- •International accounting
- •IV. The article in Ex. III mentions four basic principles of accounting. Match them to the definitions below.
- •V. Complete the following statements and explain your choice.
- •VI Answer the following questions.
- •VII. Translate into English.
- •VIII. Revise the information given in Unit 1 and test yourself. Discuss your choice with your partner.
- •IX. Summarize the following texts in 50 words.
- •Situations for discussion
- •Chapter II the accounting process
- •Text a starting an accounting system
- •Exercises
- •I. Find in the text Ukrainian equivalents to the following words and word combinations and translate the sentences in which they are used.
- •II. Find in the text English equivalents to the following words and word combinations. Make sentences of your own with these phrases.
- •III. Task 1. Complete the text using the words and translate it into Ukrainian.
- •IV. Fill in the missing prepositions. Translate the passages into Ukrainian.
- •V. Complete the following words.
- •VI. Fill in the missing words (choose from the box). Translate the passage into Ukrainian.
- •VIII. Answer the following questions.
- •IX. Translate into English.
- •Text b double-entry bookkeeping system
- •Exercises
- •II. Test yourself.
- •IV. Summarize the text in 50 words
- •Situations for discussion
- •Chapter III financial statements
- •Text a the balance sheet
- •Intangible Assets
- •Exercises
- •I. Find in the text Ukrainian equivalents to the following words and word combinations and translate the sentences in which they are used.
- •II. Find in the text English equivalents to the following words and word combinations. Make sentences of your own with these phrases.
- •III. Answer the following questions.
- •IV. What kind of assets is each of the following? Which three are not assets? Explain your choice.
- •V. Accountants use different terms to denote the same notions. Match these accounting terms with the definitions below and translate them into English.
- •Intangible assets
- •VI. Fill in the missing entries in the Balance Sheet below. Choose from the following.
- •In the company’s books:
- •VIII. Translate into English.
- •Text b the profit and loss account (the income statement) the cash-flow statement
- •Exercises
- •I. Give Ukrainian equivalents to the following phrases and translate the sentences in which they are used.
- •II. Find in the text English equivalents to the following words and word combinations. Make sentences of your own with these phrases.
- •III Answer the following questions.
- •IV. Match the terms to their definitions.
- •V. Fill in the missing words in the sentences below. Choose from the box.
- •VI. Here is a letter from a firm of accountants to a client. Complete the letter by inserting the missing phrases. Choose from the box below.
- •VII Task 1. Insert the following words in the gaps in the text and translate it into Ukrainian.
- •VIII. Insert the following expressions in the gaps in the text and translate it into Ukrainian.
- •IX. Match up the following British and American terms.
- •X. Task 1. Read the text and say what the best way to make the meaning of a company’s ratios clear is.
- •XI. Match the ratios listed in the text with their main functions.
- •Figure 3-3. The general scheme of interrelation of the Chart of Accounts and basic forms of financial reporting
- •XIII. Translate into English.
- •XIV. Revise the information given in Chapter III and decide which of these statements are true or false. Discuss the answers with your partner.
- •Situations for discussion
- •I. Read what different people say about financial statements and fill in the gaps with the words which are given below.
- •II. Which do you think are the two or three most important financial ratios? Why? chapter IV auditing
- •Introduction to auditing
- •Exercises
- •I. Find in the text Ukrainian equivalents to the following words and word combinations and translate the sentences in which they are used.
- •II. Find in the text English equivalents to the following words and word combinations. Make sentences of your own with these phrases.
- •III Answer the following questions.
- •IV. What does an auditor do? Look at the following activities and decide which ones are normally done internally or externally.
- •V. Read passages describing some important aspects of general technology of auditing and answer the following questions.
- •VI. Read and translate the text. Say what risks an auditor must consider and what each type of the risks involve.
- •VII. Task 1. Read the text and answer the questions: What is the role of evidence? How are different kinds of evidence classified?
- •Task 1. Number the following words or expressions given in the box with their underlined equivalents in the text and translate the text into Ukrainian.
- •IX. Translate into English.
- •Text b auditor’s report
- •Auditor’s report on financial statements
- •Unqualified Opinion report
- •Qualified Opinion report
- •Disclaimer of Opinion report
- •Exercises
- •I. Find in the text Ukrainian equivalents to the following words and word combinations and translate the sentences in which they are used.
- •II. Find in the text English equivalents to the following words and word combinations. Make sentences of your own with these phrases.
- •III. Answer the following questions.
- •IV. Fill in the missing prepositional phrases in the following sentences. Choose from the box.
- •V. Uncertainty Expression Terminology.
- •VI. Match the following terms (1-14) with the correct definition (a-n) on the right.
- •VII Read this example of an extract from an independent auditors’ report in the usa and answer the questions.
- •VIII. Translate into English.
- •IX. Summaries the text in about 50 words.
- •Situations for discussion
IX. Translate into English.
Господарська діяльність підприємства досить різноманітна і складна. Суть бухгалтерського обліку полягає не лише у відображенні цієї діяльності, а в тому щоб забезпечити ефективне управління господарством з урахуванням найскладніших взаємозв’язків між елементами управлінської системи. Розв’язати це завдання можливо лише за допомогою використання комплексу способів бухгалтерського обліку.
Метод бухгалтерського обліку – це сукупність способів, що забезпечують отримання, обробку та видачу облікової інформації з метою використання її в процесі управління.
Усі об’єкти бухгалтерського обліку підлягають первинному відображенню за допомогою документації.
Для виконання господарської діяльності постійно необхідні дані про господарські операції, рух господарських засобів та зміну джерел їх утворення. З цією метою використовуються бухгалтерські рахунки, що являють собою спосіб групування і відображення економічно однорідних об’єктів обліку.
Кожна господарська операція викликає зміни як мінімум двох об’єктів обліку, що зумовлюють запис на двох рахунках способом подвійного запису. Наприклад, при надходженні грошей до каси підприємства з розрахункового рахунка підприємства в банку – залишок коштів на рахунку в банку – зменшується, а в касі підприємства збільшується. У такий спосіб відображаються господарські операції постійно, щоденно.
По закінченню того чи іншого облікового періоду (місяць, квартал, півріччя, дев’ять місяців, рік) дані обліку узагальнюються і використовуються з метою контролю щодо виконання планів (прогнозів) за окремими показниками господарської діяльності підприємства. При цьому застосовують такий спосіб методу бухгалтерського обліку, як бухгалтерський баланс.
Способи методу бухгалтерського обліку нерозривно пов’язані, доповнюють один одного і лише у комплексі дозволяють відобразити предмет бухгалтерського обліку.
Способи методу бухгалтерського обліку реалізуються за допомогою окремих методичних та технічних прийомів, що складають обліковий процес в цілому і окремі його облікові завдання.
Text b double-entry bookkeeping system
Accountants as well as bookkeepers deal with figures. Some of these figures are used to prepare balance sheets, some figures are used to prepare profit and loss accounts so that the net profit of a business can be determined.
In the “real world” these figures will be derived from the transactions undertaken by a business on a daily basis. There are two main ways in which businesses record their financial transactions. They use either
a double-entry bookkeeping system; or
a single-entry bookkeeping system.
We will look at the double-entry bookkeeping system that provides the accountant with the information needed in order to provide the data required to prepare the final accounts.
As the name implies, double-entry bookkeeping recognizes that there are two sides or aspects to every business transaction.
I fill my car with $20 diesel. The two aspects of this transaction are:
- I receive the diesel
- The filling station gives me the diesel.
I buy a pair of trainers costing $53:
- I receive the trainers
- The sports shop gives me the trainers.
There are two more aspects to these transactions.
When I give the filling station attendant my $20 note:
she receives the cash
I give the cash.
When I give the shop assistant my $53:
he receives the cash
I give the cash.
This way of recording both sides of any transaction is known as the dual aspect principle of accounting.
An account contains the detailed record of financial transactions undertaken by a business. All financial transactions involving the business are recorded in a format called an account.
You can find each account on a separate page in the ledger. In fact, if a great many transactions of a similar nature are undertaken, an account may spread over several pages.
The ledger is the book where are all accounts are kept. For convenience’s sake, this one book is divided into several smaller books. You can imagine that large businesses like Marks and Spencer or McDonald’s could not possible keep all their financial records in one book.
Each account has two sides:
the left side is known as the debit side
the right side is known as the credit side.
An account |
|
DEBIT The debit side of an account is always the receiving side or the side that shows gains in value. “Debit” is often abbreviated shows gains in to “Dr”. |
CREDIT The credit side of an account is always the giving or losing side or the side that shows value given. “Credit” is often abbreviated to “Cr”. |
Dr An account Cr |
|
RECEIVES Or GAINS |
GIVES Or LOSES |
An account in the ledger would be headed thus:
Dr ****** account Cr |
|
|
|
Note that there should always be a heading; if the account shown is not a personal account, the heading should include the word “account”.
Purchases are any items that are purchased with the intention of selling them to customers. They are revenue expenditure.
Sales are any items that are sold in the normal course of business to customers. They are revenue income.
The golden rule of the game of “double entry” is that every time you enter something on the debit side (left side) of an account, you must enter an equivalent amount on the credit side (right side) of another account.
Credit customers are people or businesses that we sell goods to; they will pay for their goods at some time in the future. The goods are sold on credit.
Credit suppliers are people or businesses that we purchase goods from; we will settle the debt that we owe at some future date. The goods are purchased on credit. Until we pay for the goods that we have purchased, the credit suppliers will be creditors.
All accounts are entered in one book called the ledger. Because the number of accounts could run into many hundreds, it is obviously more convenient to split the ledger into a number of different books. What we do is to put:
all credit customers’ accounts together
all credit suppliers’ accounts together and
all other accounts in another ledger.
All transactions involving credit customers will be found in the sales ledger (also known as the debtors’ ledger). All transactions with credit suppliers will be found in the purchases ledger (also known as the creditors’ ledger). All other transactions will be found in the general ledger.
The tricky ones are:
The sales account will not be found in the sales ledger. The sales ledger is reserved for the accounts of our credit customers. The sales account would be found in the general ledger.
The purchases account will not be found in the purchases ledger. The purchase ledger is reserved for the accounts of credit suppliers only. The purchases account would be found in the general ledger.
We only record credit transactions in sales ledger and purchases ledger.
If a sale is made for cash, it is not entered in the sales ledger. If something is purchased for cash, it is not entered in the purchases ledger. These transactions appear in the general ledger.
Ledger accounts may be classified under the following headings:
Personal – these are accounts that record transactions with credit customers and credit suppliers.
Nominal accounts, real accounts and liability accounts will all be found in the general ledger.
Nominal accounts record expenses, profits, losses and gains.
Real accounts record the acquisition and disposal of fixed assets like land, buildings, equipment and vehicles.
Liability accounts record the acquisition and repayment of loans and overdraft.
Remember that each account would be in a different ledger according to this classification.
