3.Etymology

Etymology is the study of the history of words and how their form and meaning have changed over time. English derives from Old English (sometimes referred to as Anglo-Saxon), a West Germanic variety, although its current vocabulary includes words from many languages. The Old English roots can be seen in the similarity of numbers in English and German. Though more than half of the words in English either come from the French language or have a French cognate, most of the common words used are still of Germanic origin.

Admiral –(13 century) amyral, from Old French amiral emir , and from Medieval Latin admīrālis (the spelling with d probably influenced by admīrābilis admirable) ; both from Arabic amīr ‘emir , commander’ , esp. in the phrase amīr-al ‘commander of’ , as in amīr-al-bahr ‘commander of the sea’.

Praise – (13 Century) from Old French preisier, from Late Latin pretiāre ‘to esteem highly’, from Latin pretium prize

Bless - from Old English blædsian ‘to sprinkle with sacrificial blood’

Eight- Old English eahta ; related to Old High German ahto , Old Norse ātta , Old Irish ocht , Latin octō , Greek okto , Sanskrit astau

Remember - from Old French remembrer, from Late Latin rememorārī ‘to recall to mind’ , from Latin RE- + memor ‘mindful’

Engine - from Old French engin, from Latin ingenium ‘nature , talent , ingenious contrivance’

Pint - from Old French pinte, of uncertain origin ; perhaps from Medieval Latin pincta marks used in measuring liquids , ultimately from Latin pingere ‘to paint’

4.Polysemy

Polysemy is the capacity for a sign (e.g., a word, phrase, etc.) or signs to have multiple meanings (sememes), i.e., a large semantic field. Most of lexical items in English are polysemantic. In case of polysemy, we deal with modification of the content plane.

Lord

1) a person who has power or authority over others, such as a monarch or master

2) a male member of the nobility, esp. in Britain

3) (in medieval Europe) a feudal superior, esp. the master of a manor

4) a husband considered as head of the household (archaic except in the facetious phrase lord and master)

5) a planet having a dominating influence

Stick

1) a small thin branch of a tree

2) any long thin piece of wood

3) an object or piece shaped like a stick a stick of celery a stick of dynamite

4) nautical a mast or yard

5) (plural) goalposts

6) a means of coercion

5.The components of meaning

Word-meaning is not homogeneous. It is made up of various components. These components are described as types of meaning. The two main types of meaning are the grammatical and the lexical meaning. Still one more type of meaning is singled out. It is the part-of-speech (or lexico-grammatical) meaning.

Admiral

Lexical meaning:

1) the supreme commander of a fleet or navy

2) a senior naval officer entitled to fly his own flag

3) a senior naval officer entitled to fly his own flag

Grammatical meaning:

Noun, common, countable (1,2, 3), in the text used in common case and in singular form.

Part-of-speech (or lexico-grammatical) meaning:

Major class, the meaning of thingness or substantiality, open set.

To invent

Lexical meaning:

1) to create or devise (new ideas, machines, etc.)

2) to make up (falsehoods); fabricate

Grammatical meaning:

Verb, regular, in the text used in the form of the past indefinite tense. Syntactic function: simple verbal predicate.

Part-of-speech (or lexico-grammatical) meaning: Major class, the meaning of completeness, open set