6.Contextual analysis

Wallop:

1) a slang word for beer

2) the ability to hit powerfully, as of a boxer

' forty pints of wallop a day will keep away the quacks.' - The word 'wallop' is used in its first meaning

Lord:

1) a person who has power or authority over others, such as a monarch or master

2) a husband considered as head of the household (archaic except in the facetious phrase lord and master)

3) The name of God

‘The Lord bless Charlie Mopps’ The word 'lord' is used in its third meaning

7.Homonymy

Homonyms are two or more words identical in sound form, spelling but different in meaning, distribution or in origin. The most widely accepted classification of homonyms is that recognizing homonyms proper, homophones and homographs.

1. Homonyms proper are words identical in their sound-form and spelling but different in meaning. For example:

To drink - to consume alcohol, esp. to excess

A drink - liquid suitable for drinking; any beverage

2. Homophones are the words of the same sound-form but of different spelling and meaning:

Shall – verb, used as an auxiliary to make the future tense

Shell^* - the hard outer covering of many mollusks that is secreted by the mantle

3. Homographs are words different in sound-form and in the meaning but identical in spelling:

Lead^* /li:d/ - the first position at a particular time during a race or

competition

Lead^* /led/ - a soft heavy grey metal used especially in the past for making

pipes, covering roofs, and in paint

(Слова, помеченные звёздочкой в тексте отсутствуют)

8.Synonymy

Synonyms are usually defined as words belonging to one part of speech, close in meaning and interchangeable at least in some contexts.

There are at least five ways in which possible synonyms can be seen to differ:

1)Some sets of synonyms belong to different dialects of the language-

(in the analyzed extract)

Your - Ye

2)Words used in different “styles”or registers

(in the analyzed extract)

Man - Lad

3)There may be differences in cognitive meaning :

(there are no such synonyms in the text)

For example: To print - To jot(down) - Scribble

4)Synonyms may express the same concept but differ with respect to attitude and or emotion

(in the analyzed extract)

Wallop - beer - drink

5)Some synonyms are collocationally restricted, I.e. they occur only in conjunction with other words:

(there are no such synonyms in the text)

For example: rancid bacon, butter,

addled eggs, brains – confused and unable to think properly

9.Antonymy

Antonyms are the words belonging to one part of speech but grouped on the basis of the semantic relations of opposition. There are 3 types of oppositiveness in meaning:

1. Contradictories are antonyms which are mutually opposed. They deny one another. They are based on the 'y^es' ^or '^no' decision. In the analyzed extract the example of contextual contraries is the pair of words:

Long - Short