- •I. The subject-matter of phonetics
- •II. Sounds of speech as acoustic and articulatory units
- •1. Read aloud the minimal pairs below. Single out the phonemes which are contrasted.
- •In English
- •In Russian
- •4. Position of the Soft Palate
- •Its' indSendent „hy 7nt-' {1;.Аз а fr°nt-retracted vowel phoneme.
- •4. Read these words. Observe the longer character of the terminal allophones of the /f, V, s, X/ phonemes and their shorter character in initial position.
- •6. Read these word combinations. Pay attention to the consonant modified by the following interdental /6, э/.
- •Vowel phonemes. Description of-principal variants
- •I mine tide fight
- •IV. Articulatory transitions
- •V. English phonemes in writing
- •7 Letters s — t — r — e — t — с — h
- •8. Learn the extracts by heart. They illustrate difficulties of English pronunciation. Transcribe these extracts.
- •VI. Syllable
- •Give examples to illustrate the rules of word-stress for a) prefixal words; b) compound words.
- •Use the words below in the examples of your own.
- •8. Put down stress marks in the sentences below. Translate them into Russian-
- •4. Read these jokes. Define what intonation patterns should be used to convey humour.
- •5. Read these texts as if you were readinglthem to a) children; b) students. Learn the poem by heart.
- •X. Received and general american pronunciation
- •Igesticu'lation gesticulation
- •IBirraing|ham 'Birmingham
- •1 I»j. Lea], [09], Eu»] correspond to the qa дпи се (»), [srj. [srj,
- •IfarraJhouse 'farmihouse
1 I»j. Lea], [09], Eu»] correspond to the qa дпи се (»), [srj. [srj,
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There are three main types distinguished within RP pronunciation; 1) conservative — used by older generation, by certain professions or social groups, 2) the general RP used by the BBC, and 3) the advanced RP, used by young people, or in some circles for prestige purposes.
The main differences between standard and advanced RP are the following:
1) The closing diphthongs are pronounced with the weakened or lost glide, e. g.
/tel/ instead of /teil/
/ou/ turns into /a:/, e. g. /Ьз:п/ instead of /boim/ /ai/ turns into /a3/ or /a/, e. g. /ba3d/, /bad/ instead of /baid/ /аи/ turns into /aa/, or /a/, e. g. /taa/, or /t<t/ instead of Даиз/ /oi/ turns into /o:/, e. g. /bo:/ instead of /boi/ {tall, call are exceptions)
2) The centring diphthongs are levelled with monophthongs: /оэ/—/о:/
/ia/, /бэ/ turn into /e:/ or long /ж/, е- g. bared, fared, pared are pronounced as /bs:d/, /fs:d/, /pe:d/
/is/ is opposed to /еэ/ in open syllables, e. g. hear—hair, fear—fair. This opposition does not occur before voiceless, or before /1/.
/л/ turns into /a/, e. g. /san/ instead oi /sAn/
The glottal stop is used between words and syllables, e. g» /ni?jehti/, /6i >?a:nt/, /Oet'?eib1/—that table.
/r/ is pronounced like the GA retroflex /r/.
Questions
1. What is standard pronunciation? 2. What are the main differences between the RP and GA a) systems of consonants; b) system^ of vowels; c) accentual structure and intonation? 3, What is "advanced" RP?
Exercises
1. Read the words below according to the GA standard.
• farm, bird, sister, leave, let, late, berry, merry, very, Bett у, .bottle* little, city, certainly, that one, mountain, which, what, when, due,1 new, suit, excursion, version, Persia, man, name, noun, nationa^
2. Read the words below
(a) with the vowel /i/ obscured:
will, fill, building, river, spirit, miracle, beer
(b) with the vowel lei lower than the RP /e/: bell, well, best, lest, nest, hell
jc) with the vowel /el diphthongized /W, /a»/:
bet, get,-detr met,.neck,-check,iet; -Ш
3. Read the words below
(a) with the OA Ы more frönt arid longer than the RP /je/:
ask, dance, last, answer,' half, aunt
(b) with the RP /se/ nasalized before I A, m, n/: bad, man, land, answer
4. Read the words below according to the GA standard.
hurry PWij, current /*кзтэп1:/, courage /^idg/, worry /lW3ri/„ furrow /'{эгэи/, squirrel />skw3r3l/, stirrup /Ыэгэр/, clerk /кЬЧ?/г derby /Wbi/
5. Read the words below with the /r/-colouring terminally.
winter, perceiver, doctor, mister, sister, Webster
Read the words below according to the GA standard- not, crop, dock, nod, father, palm, balm, calm
Read the words below according to the GA standard,
hop, rob, not, lock; doll, solve, on; frog, log, long; law, court
8- Read the words below. Compare the pronunciation of theJRP and GA diphthongs, of the Jong monophthongs /?:, a/.
gate, date, late, Kate, mate, make; radio, goat, coat; far, formr fare, bare, poor, mare, near, door
9, Read the words below. Mind the tertiary stress differences in RP and OAl
RP GA
'dictionary idictiojnary
iFerbuary >FebrU|ary
'ordinary 'ordinary
'category icateigory
•territory lterri|tcry
'cemetery 'cemetery
'monastery 'monastery
'matrimony 'matrimony
'testimony 'testimony
'necessarily 'necessarily
'ordinarily 'ordinarily
10. Read the words below. Mind the place of primary stress on thejsecond com ponent in RP and on the first component in GA compounds.
RP GA
'apple'source 'appleisource
'beefsteak 'beefsteak
'elseiwhere 'elsewhere