23)What is Paradise Lost? Who is the author? Why is it famous?

«Paradise Lost» - Christian epic of the perturbation have fallen away from God, the angels and the fall of man. In contrast to the heroic epic of Homer and the medieval epic poem, and Dante's "Paradise Lost" does not play to the creative fiction of the poet. Puritan Milton chose the biblical story and passed it in the words of Scripture; in addition, its protagonists belong mostly to the field of super-human and do not allow the realism of the descriptions. On the other hand, angels and demons, Adam and Eve and other actors have a certain epic Milton`s image in the popular imagination, steeped in the Bible - and from these traditions, Milton, a poet profoundly national, never deviates. These characteristics of the material, the work of Milton, reflected in his poem, the technical side of the descriptions is conventional, a little presentation of imagery, biblical beings often seem to be only an allegory. The great importance of "Paradise Lost" - a psychological picture of the struggle of heaven and hell. Milton seething political passions helped him to create a grandiose image of Satan, whose desire for freedom has brought to the evil. The first song, "Paradise Lost", where the defeated enemy of the Creator proud of his fall and builds pandemonium, sending threats to the sky - the most inspiring in the entire poem, and has served as the primary source of demonic Byron and all the romantics in general. Militant puritan religiosity embodied the zeitgeist in the way of the soul, anxious for freedom. Pathos of the demonic (literally) of "Paradise Lost" corresponds to an idyllic part - the poetic descriptions of paradise, love, the first people and their expulsion. Countless poetic beauty in the transmission of feelings, musical verse, menacing chords, talking about intolerance in matters of faith, give eternal life saga of the XVII century, their expulsion. Countless poetic beauty in the transmission of feelings, musical verse, menacing chords, talking about intolerance in matters of faith, give eternal life saga of the XVII century.

24)Who wrote this quote, and what does it mean? “Better to reign in hell than serve in heaven” Satan is the first major character introduced in the poem. Formerly the most beautiful of all angels in Heaven, he's a tragic figure best described by the now-famous quote "Better to reign in Hell than to serve in Heaven". He is introduced to Hell after he leads a failed rebellion to wrestle control of Heaven from God. Satan's desire to rebel against his creator stems from his unwillingness to be subjugated by God and his Son, falsely claiming that angels are "self-begot, self-raised", thereby denying God's authority over them as their creator. This quote is from Paradise Lost by Milton.

25)What was the 18^th century Enlightenment? What is the type of literature that became popular then? Neoclassicism in literature came closer to voicing the eighteenth century's fascination with reason and scientific law. Indeed, the verbal media of poetry, drama, prose, and exposition were commonly used to convey the new philosophic principles. Two other poetic voices deserve mention here. One belonged to the English Countess of Winchelsea (1661-1720), who extolled reason and feminine equality in her verse. The other was that of a Massachusetts slave girl, Phyllis Wheatley (1753-1784), whose rhyming couplets, in the style of Pope, pleaded the cause of freedom for the American colonies and for her race. Another famous satirist, England's Jonathan Swift (1667-1745), ridiculed the pettiness of human concerns in Gulliver's Travels (1726), wherein Captain Gulliver, in visiting the fictitious land of Lilliput, found two opposing factions: the Big-endians, who passionately advocated opening eggs at the big end, and the Little-endians, who vehemently proposed an opposite procedure. The novel became a major literary vehicle in this period. It caught on first in France during the preceding century and was then popularized in England. Robinson Crusoe (1719), by Daniel Defoe (1659-1731), is often called the first modern English novel. The straight prose of the novel satisfied prevailing demand for clarity and simplicity; but the tendency in this period to focus on middle-class values, heroic struggle, and sentimental love foreshadowed the coming Romantic Movement. Writing along these lines Samuel Richardson (1689-1761) produced Pamela (1740-1741), the story of a virtuous servant-girl, and Henry Fielding (1707-1754) wrote the equally famous Tom Jones (1749), the rollicking tale of a young man's deep pleasures and superficial regrets. Each novel, in its own way, defined a natural human morality.

26) Which era saw an interest in everyday problems and the rise of the realistic novel?

The Age of Enlightenment (or simply the Enlightenment or Age of Reason) was an elite cultural movement of intellectuals in 18th century Europe, that sought to mobilize the power of reason, in order to reform society and advance knowledge. It promoted science and intellectual interchange and opposed superstition[1], intolerance and abuses in church and state. Originating about 1650–1700, it was sparked by philosophers Baruch Spinoza (1632–1677), John Locke (1632–1704), Pierre Bayle (1647–1706), mathematician Isaac Newton (1643–1727) and historian Voltaire (1694–1778). Ruling princes often endorsed and fostered figures and even attempted to apply their ideas of government in what was known as Enlightened Despotism. The Enlightenment flourished until about 1790–1800, after which the emphasis on reason gave way to Romanticism's emphasis on emotion and a Counter-Enlightenment gained force.