4. The perfect tenses

The Perfect form denotes an action completed before the present moment (and connected with it) or before a definite moment in the past or future. It is formed by means of the auxiliary verb to have in the required tense and Participle II of the notional verb.

to have + Participle II

The Present Perfect Tense denotes an action completed before the definite moment in the present. The verb in the Present perfect should be rendered into Ukrainian/Russian in past tense. It’s formed with the help of auxiliary verb to have in the Present Indefinite (have\has) and Participle II of the notional verb.

The Past Perfect Tense denotes an action completed before the definite moment in the past. It’s formed with the help of auxiliary verb to have in the Past Indefinite (had) and Participle II of the notional verb.

The Future Perfect Tense denotes an action that will be completed before the definite moment in the future. It’s formed with the help of auxiliary verb to have in the Future Indefinite (will have) and Participle II of the notional verb.

To make interrogative form, the helping verb should be put before the subject. To make negative form, the negative particle “not” should be placed after the helping verb (direct word order).

	Present	Past	Future
Affirmative	have + Participle II has	had + Participle II	shall have        + Participle II will have
	I have already done the translation.	I had done it before you came	I’ll have done it by 9 pm tomorrow
Interrogative	Have Ⓢ + Participle II? Has	Had + Ⓢ Participle II?	Shall      Ⓢ + have Participle II? Will
	Have you already done the translation?	Had you done it before I came?	Will you have done it by 9 pm tomorrow?
Negative	have Ⓢ + not Participle II has	Ⓢ had + not Participle II	shall Ⓢ       not have + Participle II will
	I have not done the translation yet.	I had not done it before you came	I shall not have done it by 9 pm tomorrow

The perfect forms are generally used with expressions which refer to “any time up to now”, like ever, never, before, recently, often, already, yet.

TEST YOURSELF

1. What does the Present Perfect Tense denote?

2. What does the Past Perfect Tense denote?

3. What does the Future Perfect Tense denote?

4. How is the Present Perfect Tense formed

5. How is the Past Perfect Tense formed

6. How is the Future Perfect Tense formed

7. How do we make an interrogative forms?

8. How do we make a negative forms?

Exercise 1. Read and translate the sentences into Ukrainian language.

1. He's already been here. 2. I've just spoken to him. 3. We've never done it before. 4. Have you ever been to London? 5. Have you seen the new film already? 6. Has he finished the work yet?

7. I haven't seen him lately. 8. She hasn't thought of it yet.

Exercise 2. Make up interrogative and negative sentences.

1 I've met him before. 2. They've learned the new rule. 3. He's finished his work. 4. The boy has woken up. 5. She's made this mistake before. 6. They've had a long walk. 7. Mary has switched on the light. 8. My relatives have received the parcel. 3. Our grandfather has traveled much. 9. The boy has passed all his exams. 10. The little girl has broken the cup. 11. The director has signed the order. 12. They have seen "Swan Lake" at the Bolshoy Theatre. 13. You have paid for the stamps. 14. The pupils have solved the problem. 15. Robert has come back.

Exercise 3. Put questions to underlined words.

1. They have never been to any foreign countries. (2) 2. We’ve already seen this new film. (2) 3. His friend has translated two English books into Russian. (3) 4. They've lived here. (1) 5. They've sent as several telegrams (4).

Exercise 4. Complete the sentences using verbs in Present Perfect.

1. I'll give you these journals after I (to look through) 2. I wonder what you will say when you (to see this actor play)... 3. They'll join us as soon as they (to finish) 4. I'll ring you up after I (to book seats)... 5. I'm sun you will change your mind after...

Exercise 5. Replace the infinitives in brackets by the Present Perfect or tfie Past Indefinite.

1. The children (to do) their homework. Now they can go to the skating-rink. 2. You ever (to be) in Warsaw? — Yes, I (to be) there last year. 3. I already (to send) the telegram. 4. I (to send) the telegram yesterday. 5. I (not to see) him in January. 6. I (not to see) him since January.! 7. We (not to receive) any letters from her lately. 8. They (to go) to the camp three days ago. 9. I just (to see) him. 10. I (to see) him in 1973. 11. You (to have breakfast) already? 12. When you (to have breakfast)? 13. When you] (to arrive) in Kiev? 14. He (to fall asleep) at half past seven. 15. I (to know) this engineer since I began to work' at the plant. 16. At last I (to write) the composition; now I'll go for a walk.

Exercise 6 . Translate into English.

1. Я залишив свій зошит вдома. 2. Де Петро? — Він ще не прийшов. 3. Що ти робиш? — Читаю англійське оповідання. Скільки сторінок ти вже прочитав? — Я прочитав уже сім сторінок. 4. Скільки нових слів ви вивчили в цьому місяці? 5. Я не можу їхати з тобою. Я ще не склав екзамену з геометрії. 6. Ми щойно прочитали телеграму. 7. Ми одержали телеграму вчора. 8. Я знаю цього лікаря з 1962 року. 9. Чому в тій кімнаті темно? — Я вимкнув світло. 10. Ми не бачили його вже три роки. 11. У мене нема ручки, я її загубив.— Коли ти загубив її? 12. Де учні? — Вони в саду. Вони там уже дві години. Що вони роблять? — Садять дерева. 13. Минулого року ми їздили до Варшави на виставку. З того часу я не був у Варшаві. 14. Нарешті ми закінчили роботу. Тепер ми можемо відпочити.

Exercise 7. Make up 3 your own sentences to each pattern.

1. We had finished our work by six yesterday. 2. He had finished his work before I got there. 3. I couldn't recognize him because I hadn't seen him since we went to school together. 4. As soon as the children had had breakfast, they to school.

Exercise 8. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian. Pay attention to the usage of the Past Perfect Tense.

A. 1. My friend had left London by the time I got there. 2. When I got to Novosibirsk, my friend had got to Luhansk. 3. I didn't ring him up before I had finished the work. 4. Had you been to Canada before you went the Exhibition? 5. Though I came home at 11 last night, ' son hadn't gone to sleep yet.

B. 1 When I came back to Moscow, my friend went to Luhansk. When I came back to Moscow, my friend had gone to Luhansk. 2. Ann had spoken to the teacher when Mary came to show him her work. Ann was speaking to the teacher when Mary came to discuss the work she had done. 3. The meeting had begun before we got to the place As soon as we got to the place, the meeting began. 4. When my friend rang me up, I was doing my home-work. I had already done my homework when my friend rang me 5. Haven't you done your homework yet? Why didn't you do your homework yesterday? 6. When did you begin reading English books? They had read two English books by the end of the month. 7. We sent him a telegram this morning because we haven't heard from him for a long time. 8. We went to Kyiv in the autumn. The day was fine, it wasn't raining, and as soon as we got off the train, we went for a walk. My friend had never been to the city before and stopped in front of every building and every monument. "I've never seen a more beautiful city in my life," he said to me.

Exercise 9. Open the brackets, using the verbs in Past Indefinite or Past Perfect Tense.

1. By two o'clock the teacher (to examine) all the students. 2. On my way to school I (to remember) that I (to leave) my report at home. 3. All my friends (to be) glad to hear that I (to pass) all the examina­tions successfully. 4. Poor Oliver (to lie) unconscious on the spot where Sikes (to leave) him. 5. He (to open) his eyes, (to look) around and (to try) to re­member what (to happen) to him. 6. All the passen­gers (to see) at once that the old man (to travel) a great deal in his life. 7. By the time we (to come) to see him, he (to return) home. 8. During the holi­days my friend (to visit) the village where he (to live) in his childhood. 9. When they (to enter) the hall, the performance already (to begin). 10. When I came home, my mother (to tell) me that she (to receive) a letter from grandfather. 11. Where you (to work) before you (to enter) the institute? 12. He (to study) French before he (to enter) the university. 13. Lanny (to say) that he (to get) his education in Cape Town. 14. The boy (to want) to act the main part in the play because he (to organize) the theatre. 15. Lanny (not to know) who (to attack) him in the darkness. 16. The girl (to be) glad that she (to find) a seat near the win­dow. 17. Suddenly he (to remember) that he (not to ring) her up in the morning. 18. By the time the train (to reach) the city, he (to make) friends with many passengers. 19. When my uncle (to leave), he (to hur­ry) to the station to book a ticket. 20. She (to think) that Gert and Lanny (to quarrel).

Exercise 10. Translate into English.

1. Коли Неля прийшла до школи, її товариші вже полили квіти. 2. Ми читали книжку, яку я купив у Києві. 3. Учитель сказав, що він перевірив наші диктанти. 4. Учень переклав текст до десятої години. 5. Коли ми повернулися додому, дитина вже заснула. 6. Мій брат писав, що він уже склав екзамени з фізики й математики. 7. Він подякував мені за те, що я для нього зробив. 8. Учень прочитав уголос оповідання, яке він написав удома. 9. Минулого літа її батько їздив у село, де він провів своє дитинство. 10. Вчора Аня прийшла додому о п'ятій годині, її молодший брат виконував домашні завдання, а батько й мати ще не повернулися з роботи. 11. Вона була певна, що бачила цю жінку раніше, але не могла пригадати, де вона її бачила. 12. Його батько почав працювати на заводі, коли йому було двадцять років. До того він жив у селі. 13. Після того як мій товариш пішов додому, я згадав, що забув показати йому нові марки.

Exercise 11. Read and translate the following sentences.

1. I'll have finished my work {by the time you come.) 2. The work will have been done {by the time he's back) 3. Will you have taken all your exams (by the end of January?) 4. You'll change your mind) after you’ve talked to Professor Petrov)

Exercise 12. Open the brackets, using the verbs in Future Indefinite, Future Continu­ous or Future Perfect.

1. I (to do) my homework tomorrow. 2. I (to do) my homework at six o'clock tomorrow. 3. I (to do) my homework by six o'clock tomorrow. 4. Tomorrow I (to begin) doing my homework as soon as I come from school. I (to do) my homework from three till six. My father (to come) home at seven o'clock to­morrow. I (to do) all my homework by the time he comes, and we (to go) for a walk together. 5. When I come home tomorrow, my family (to have) supper. 6. When you come to my place tomorrow, I (to read) your book. I (to do) my homework by the time you come. 7. Don't come to my place tomorrow. I (to write) a composition the whole evening. 8. I (not to go) to the cinema tomorrow. I (to watch) TV the whole evening. 9. What you (to do) tomorrow? 10. What you (to do) at eight o'clock tomorrow? 11. You (to play) volleyball tomorrow? 12. You (to do) this work by next Sunday? 13. When you (to go) to see your friend next time? 14. How many pages you (to read) by five o'clock tomorrow?

Exercise 13. Replace the infinitives in brackets by the Future Indefinite or the-Fttttrre Perfect.

1. He (to receive) the telegram tomorrow. 2. He (to receive) the telegram by tomorrow. 3. I (to do) the exercises by seven o'clock. 4. I (to do) the exercises in the afternoon. 5. By this time you (to- take your examination). 6. You (to take) your examination next week. 7. The teacher (to correct) our dictations in the evening. 8. The teacher (to correct) our dictations by the next lesson.