CONTENT

1. The Verb, Basic Forms and Grammar Categories.

2. The Indefinite Tenses.

3. The Continuous Tenses.

4. The Perfect Tenses.

5. The Perfect Continuous Tenses.

6. The Інфінітив.

7. The Participles

8. The Gerund

9. The Numerals.

10. Complex Object.

11. Complex Subject.

The verb. Basic forms. Grammar categories.

The verb is a part of speech which denotes an action.

§ 1. Verbs may be transitive and intransitive. Transitive verbs can take a direct object, i. e. they express an action which passes on to a person or thing directly. Here belong such verbs as to take, to give, to send, to make, etc.

Verbs have finite forms which can be used as the predicate of a sentence and non-finite forms which cannot be used as the pre­dicate of a sentence.

According to their morphological structure verbs are divid­ed into:

simple (read, live, hide, speak);

derived, i. e. having affixes (magnify, fertilize, captivate, undo, decompose);

compound, i. e. consisting of two stems (daydream, brow­beat);

composite, consisting of a verb and a postposition of adver­bial origin (sit down, give up).

The postposition often changes the meaning of the verb with which it is associated. Thus, there are composite verbs whose meaning is different from the meaning of their components: to give up — бросать, прекращать; to bring up — воспитывать; to do away — ликвидировать.

According to their function we recognize notional and auxiliary verbs. Auxiliary (helping) verbs are those which have lost their meaning and are used only as form words, thus having only a grammatical function. Here belong such verbs as to do, to have, to be, sliall, will, should, would.

§ 2. The basic forms of the verb in Modern English are: the Infinitive, the Past Indefinite and Participle II: to speak— spoke — spoken.

According to the way in which the Past Indefinite and Parti­ciple II are formed, verbs are divided into: regular and irregular verbs. Regular verbs form the Past Indefinite and Parti­ciple II by adding -ed to the stem of the verb. Irregular verbs form the Past Indefinite and Parti­ciple II in different ways, they can change their root vowel or the whole stem or remain unchangeable.

§ 3 The verb has the following grammatical categories: person, number, tense, aspect, voice and mood.

The category of tense denotes the relation of the action either to the moment of speaking or to some definite moment in the past or future.

The category of aspect shows the way in which the action develops, if it is in progress or completed, etc. There are four groups of tenses: Indefinite, Continuous, Perfect and Perfect Continuous. The Indefinite form has no aspect characteristics while, the Continuous, Perfect and Perfect Con­tinuous forms denote both time and aspect relations. Each of these forms includes four tenses: Present, Past, Future and Future in the Past (future from the point of view of the past). Thus there are 16 tenses in English.

The category of Voice indicates the relation of the predicate to the subject and the object. There are 2 voices in English: the active voice, the passive voice, The active voice shows that the subject is the doer of the action expressed by the predicate. The passive voice shows that the subject is acted upon.

The category of Mood indicates the attitude of the speaker towards the action from the point of view of its reality. We distinguish the indicative mood, the imperative mood, and the subjunctive mood.

TEST YOURSELF

1. What is the verb?

2. What are transitive verbs?

3. What are intransitive verbs?

4. What verbs are called simple (derived, compound, composite)?

5. What are auxiliary verbs?

6. What are regular (irregular) verbs?

7. What are the basic forms of the verb?

8. What grammatical categories: does the verb have?

9. What does the category of tense denote?

10. What does the category of aspect show?

11. What does the category of Voice indicate?

12. What does the category of Mood indicate?

Exercise I. Make up basic forms of the verbs.

To meet, to tell, to find, to send, to give, to take, to read, to look, to go, to open, to close, to put. To copy out, to sit, to do, to come.

Exercise 2. Translate the verbs into English, make up their basic forms.

Читати, розповідати, робити, покинути, відкрити, відправити, закривати, дивитися, брати, давати, сидіти, переписати, заходити, питати, відповідати, дякувати, жити, працювати, вивчати, перекладати, ходити, повертатися, залишати, продовжувати, закінчити, повторювати.

Exercise 3. Point out the morphological structure of the verbs, translate them into Ukrainian.

To retell, to disappear, to undo, to shorten, to signify, to organize, to graduate, to rewrite, to disarm, to unload, to broaden, to clarify, to memorize, to separate, to reconstruct, to discharge, to untie, to strengthen, to magnify, to simplify, to mobilize, to demonstrate.