Glossary Kopbaeva Laura f1101

The Concept of Sustainable Development “The concept is intended to embrace the idea of ensuring that future generations inherit an Earth which will support their livelihoods in such a way that they are no worse off than generations today. While there are numerous precursors (see, for example, Barry, 1977; Page, 1977), the most celebrated formulation of the concept is that given by the World Commission on Environment and Development (the Brundtland Commission) in 1987: that meets the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”

The Concept of Capital. The concept of capital has widened from the classical approach, with its focus on produced goods or man-made capital (KM in notation), to embrace the skills and knowledge embodied in humans, or human capital (KH) and natural capital (KN). Natural capital refers to traditionally defined natural resources, such as oil or gas, forests, land and to the stocks of environmental assets such as clean air and water. Modem expositions of economic growth would add another type of capital, social capital (KS). Social capital concerns the relationships between individuals, between institutions (including government), and between individuals and institutions.

Weak sustainability. Weak sustainability is the idea that manufactured capital of equal value can take the place of natural capital. Natural resources provide material and services. Weak sustainability means we can replace or duplicate natural materials and services with manufactured goods and services. Weak sustainability implicitly assumes that savings are invested in manufactured capital or human capital and that the latter are perfectly substitutable for natural capital.

Strong sustainability. Strong sustainability is the idea that there are certain unique and essential services (such as life-support) or unique and irreplaceable non-use values functions that the environment performs that cannot be duplicated by humans. The ozone layer is an example of an ecosystem service that is difficult for humans to duplicate. Strong sustainability indicates that the existing stock of natural capital must be maintained and enhanced because the functions it performs cannot be duplicated by manufactured capital.

Environmental sustainability is the process of making sure current processes of interaction with the environment are pursued with the idea of keeping the environment as pristine as naturally possible based on ideal-seeking behavior.

Social sustainability. The focus on social capital is comparatively new, therefore, it is worthwhile considering in a more detail what it might mean and whether it necessarily contributes to sustainable development. Putnam speaks of social capital as comprising certain features of social organisation - norms of behaviour, networks of interactions between people and between institutions, and trust between people. This suggests that social capital may have positive and negative contributions to both economic growth and human well-being in the wider sense.

Externalities are external effects (or consequences) of economic activity, which positively or negatively affect the other side.Treating the notion of externalities in the broad sense, depending on the different types of impacts (in time, across sectors or regions, etc.) are the following types of external effects.

Sustainable Development Indicators are statistics directed specifically towards policy concerns and which point towards successful outcomes and conclusions for policy. Classic indicators include the unemployment rate or gross domestic product (GDP) growth, numbers which are such powerful and recognizable indicators of performance that they may cause governments to fall. At the highest level are indices, such as the consumer price index or Human Development Index (HDI), which combine different indicators into a single number useful for comparison over time and space.

Problems of transition of the Republic of Kazakhstan to Sustainable Development. As one of the Central Asian countries in economic transition (CIET), Kazakhstan faces intense challenges for implementing Agenda 21 and achieving sustainable development. Kazakhstan's hard law commitments have also increased considerably, after having become a Party to 12 MEAs. В этой связи Министерство охраны окружающей среды РК как рабочий органThe The Ministry of Environmental Protection together with the Center for Co-operation (UNEP) and supported by ПРООН был организован и проведен 19-20 октября 2006г.UNDP organized in Astana “International Training on "The Concept of Kazakhstan's transition to устойчивому развитию: инструменты и механизмы». Sustainable Development: Tools and mechanisms” on международный тренинг на тему «Концепция перехода Казахстана к19-20 октября 2006 г.19-20 October 2006. The training aimed at to discuss the draft of the Concept of transition of Kazakhstan to sustainable development by the expert working group on вопросам устойчивого развития, обсуждение целей и направлений работы sustainable development. I.