Практичне заняття № 2

Тема: Переваги Болонського процесу в Україні

Bologna process

The purpose of the Bologna process (or Bologna accords) is to create the European higher education area by making academic degree standards and quality assurance standards more comparable and compatible throughout Europe. It is named after the place it was proposed, the University of Bologna with the signing, in 1999, of the Bologna declaration by ministers of education from 29 European countries in the Italian city of Bologna. This was opened up to other countries signatory to the European Cultural Convention of the Council of Europe, and further governmental meetings have been held in Prague (2001), Berlin (2003), Bergen (2005) and London in spring 2007.

Before the signing of the Bologna declaration, the Magna Carta Universitatum had been issued at a meeting of university rectors celebrating the 900th anniversary of the University of Bologna - and thus of European universities - in 1988. One year before the Bologna declaration, education ministers from France, Germany, Italy and the UK signed the Sorbonne declaration in Paris 1998, committing them to "harmonising the architecture of the European Higher Education system". French officials in particular therefore often refer to the La Sorbonne/Bologna process.

The Council of Europe and UNESCO have jointly issued the Lisbon recognition convention on recognition of academic qualifications as part of the process, which has been ratified by the majority of the countries party to the Bologna process.

Ex. 1. Answer the following questions.

1. What is the Bologna process?

2. Why is it called “Bologna process”?

3. What was the year before the Bologna declaration?

Робота над текстом за професійним спрямуванням.

Street Art

New Yorkers used to see the graffiti on the walls of poor neighbourhoods and subway trains as something menacing and an example of urban decay. The scrawled names and slogans were seen as unsightly and aggressive, the work of vandals seeking to express their identities or even make a political point. Up to the 1970s, most New Yorkers hated graffiti, considering it as an eyesore that was illegal and punishable by fines.

Since those days, graffiti has changed a lot and it is no longer found only in the subway and the poor ghetto areas of the city. Nowadays, it has the status of 'street art' and you get graffiti in places where you wouldn't expect to - in advertisements, on clothes, on toys, and even on the Wall Street Journal's official website! In the early 1980s, there was a real craze for graffiti art and the sophisticated Manhattan art world had displays of street art in its galleries. The trend was short-lived - until the arrival of hip-hop music in the late 80s.

In her book, Subway Art, Martha Cooper says "Graffiti came back with hip-hop music and people are now appreciating it for its style, which they couldn't back then, because they couldn't get beyond the vandalism thing." Hip-hop was originally black ghetto music, sung by young African Americans from the poor, run-down districts of American cities. When it suddenly got to the top of the American music charts, hip-hop culture was spread, bringing graffiti with it.

Today companies are starting to realise the appeal of graffiti in advertising. Kel Rodriguez, who used to spray New York subway trains, was the artist chosen to design the Wall Street Journal's website and it is obviously done in graffiti-style. "Some of that graffiti feeling, that energy, sort of got in there," Rodriguez explained. Many of this new wave of artists give lectures on developments in their art. Lee Quindnesis having a lot of success in Europe and feels that European galleries and museums are more open to his art form. "They want to support an artist as he develops," comments Quinones, who can get up to $10,000 for his paintings. Indeed, the Groninger Museum in Holland is one of the few museums in the world that displays and recognizes graffiti as an art form.

Another artist, Blade, has his own website devoted only to the world of graffiti. This website has a 'merchandise page' where Blade sells things with his own original designs all over the world - everything from baseball caps to yo-yos! Leonard McGurr, a street artist for 25 years, went from painting subway trains to designing and marketing graffiti-inspired clothes for young people. "Graffiti has been a story of survival," he says. "There's a way to benefit from your work without spoiling public property."

Ex. 1. Translate the given text. Prepare for a discussion.

Граматичний матеріал: Ступені порівняння прикметників/прислівників.

Comparison 1 (cheaper, more expensive etc.)

Study these examples: How shall we travel? By car or by train?        Let's go by car. It's cheaper.        Don't go by train. It's more expensive. Cheaper and more expensive are comparative forms. After comparatives you can use than:     •   It's cheaper to go by car than by train.     •   Going by train is more expensive than going by car.

The comparative form is -er or more ....

We use -er for short words (one syllable): cheap → cheaper       fast → faster large → larger          thin → thinner	We use more ... for longer words (two syllables or more): more serious          more often more expensive      more comfortable
We also use -er for two-syllable words that end in -y (-y  → ier): lucky → luckier    early → earlier easy → easier      pretty → prettier	We also use more ... for adverbs that end in -ly: more slowly     more seriously more quietly    more carefully
Compare these examples:
•   You're older than me.     •   The exam was fairly easy - easier than I expected.     •   Can you walk a bit faster?     •   I'd like to have a bigger car.     •   Last night I went to bed earlier than usual.	•   You're more patient than me.     •   The exam was quite difficult - more difficult than I expected.     •   Can you walk a bit more slowly?     •   I'd like to have a more reliable car.     •   I don't play tennis much these days. I used to play more often.
You can use -er or more ... with some two-syllable adjectives, especially:         clever    narrow    quiet    shallow    simple     •   It's too noisy here. Can we go somewhere quieter / more quiet?

A few adjectives and adverbs have irregular comparative forms: good / well → better     •   The garden looks better since you tidied it up.     •   I know him well - probably better than anybody else knows him.

bad / badly → worse:     •   'How is your headache? Better?'    'No, it's worse."     •   He did very badly in the exam - worse than expected. far → further (or farther):     •   It's a long walk from here to the park - further than I thought.  (or farther than) Further (but not farther) can also mean 'more' or 'additional':     •   Let me know if you hear any further news.  (= any more news)

Ex. 1. Complete the sentences using a comparative form (older / more important etc.). 1.    It's too noisy here. Can we go somewhere    quieter    ? 2.    This coffee is very weak. I like it a bit _____________________. 3.    The hotel was surprisingly big. I expected it to be _____________________. 4.    The hotel was surprisingly cheap. I expected it to be _____________________. 5.    The weather is too cold here. I'd like to live somewhere _____________________. 6.    My job is a bit boring sometimes. I'd like to do something _____________________.

7.    It's a pity you live so far away. I wish you lived _____________________. 8.    I was surprised how easy it was to use the computer. I thought it would be _____________________. 9.   Your work isn't very good. I'm sure you can do _____________________. 10.  Don't worry. The situation isn't so bad. It could be _____________________. 11.  I was surprised we got here so quickly. I expected the journey to take _____________________. 12.  You're talking very loudly. Can you speak a bit _____________________? 13.  You hardly ever phone me. Why don't you phone me _____________________? 14.  You're standing too near the camera. Can you move a bit _____________________ away? 15.  You were a bit depressed yesterday, but you look _____________________ today.

Comparison 2 (much better / any better / better and better / the sooner the better)

Before comparatives you can use:          much        a lot       far (= a lot)        a bit        a little       slightly (= a little)      •   Let's go by car. It's much cheaper.  (or a lot cheaper)      •   'How do you feel?'    'Much better, thanks.'      •   Don't go by train. It's a lot more expensive.  (or much more expensive)      •   Could you speak a bit more slowly?  (or a little more slowly)      •   This bag is slightly heavier than the other one.      •   Her illness was far more serious than we thought at first.  (or much more serious / a lot more serious)

Better and better / more and more etc. We repeat comparatives (better and better etc.) to say that something changes continuously:      •   Your English is improving. It's getting better and better.      •   The city is growing fast. It's getting bigger and bigger.      •   Cathy got more and more bored in her job. In the end she left.      •   These days more and more people are learning English.

The ... the ... You can say the (sooner/bigger/more etc.) the better:      •   'What time shall we leave?'    'The sooner the better.'  (= as soon as possible)      •   A: What sort of box do you want? A big one?           B: Yes, the bigger the better.  (= as big as possible)      •   When you're travelling, the less luggage you have the better. We also use the ... the ... to say that one thing depends on another thing:      •   The warmer the weather, the better I feel.  (= if the weather is warmer, I feel better)      •   The sooner we leave, the earlier we will arrive.      •   The younger you are, the easier it is to learn.      •   The more expensive the hotel, the better the service.

     •   The more electricity you use, the higher your bill will be.      •   The more I thought about the plan, the less I liked it.

Older and elder The comparative of old is older:      •   David looks older than he really is. You can use elder (or older) when you talk about people in a family. You can say (my/your etc.) elder sister/brother/daughter/son:      •   My elder sister is a TV producer.  (or My older sister ...) We say 'my elder sister', but we do not say that 'somebody is elder':      •   My sister is older than me.  (not elder than me)

Ex. 1. Complete the sentences using a comparative form (older / more important etc.). 1.    It's too noisy here. Can we go somewhere    quieter    ? 2.    This coffee is very weak. I like it a bit _____________________. 3.    The hotel was surprisingly big. I expected it to be _____________________. 4.    The hotel was surprisingly cheap. I expected it to be _____________________. 5.    The weather is too cold here. I'd like to live somewhere _____________________. 6.    My job is a bit boring sometimes. I'd like to do something _____________________. 7.    It's a pity you live so far away. I wish you lived _____________________. 8.    I was surprised how easy it was to use the computer. I thought it would be _____________________. 9.    Your work isn't very good. I'm sure you can do _____________________. 10.  Don't worry. The situation isn't so bad. It could be _____________________. 11.  I was surprised we got here so quickly. I expected the journey to take _____________________. 12.  You're talking very loudly. Can you speak a bit _____________________? 13.  You hardly ever phone me. Why don't you phone me _____________________? 14.  You're standing too near the camera. Can you move a bit _____________________ away? 15.  You were a bit depressed yesterday, but you look _____________________ today.