[ Редактировать ] о приобретении земли (проверка актов и компенсации) Закон № 5713-1953 [9]

По данным ЦЖПВ и BADIL (стр. 42), правительство Израиля не автоматически получают право собственности на земли, захваченные в соответствии с Законом собственности Отсутствующие ». Это было достигнуто при приобретении земли (проверка актов и компенсации) Закон № 5713-1953. Этот закон легализовал экспроприаций (задним числом во многих случаях) для военных целей или для создания (еврейской) поселений.

Закон позволяет правительству требовать собственность земель, которые не находятся во владении его владельца на 1 апреля 1952 года. Статья 2 () гласит:

Собственности, в отношении которых министр удостоверяет сертификатом под рукой -

(1), что на 6-м Нисан, 5712 (1 апреля, 1952) она не была во владении его владельцев, а также

(2), что в период между 5 ияра 5708 (14 мая, 1948) и шестой Нисана, 5712 (I в апреле 1952) она была использована или назначены в целях существенного развития, поселка, безопасности, а также

(3), что еще необходимо для любой из этих целей

Далее говорится, денежная компенсация за те потери своих земель и что в случае были земли соответствовало земель сельскохозяйственного назначения, где те земли, сформировали свое основным источником средств к существованию, земельные участки в других местах будут предложены. Статья 3 гласит:

() Владельцев приобретенного имущества имеют право на компенсацию поэтому из Development Authority. Компенсация должна быть предоставлена ​​в деньгах, если иное не согласовано между владельцами и развитию автономии. Сумма компенсации устанавливается по соглашению между Органом развития и собственников или, при отсутствии соглашения судом, как это предусмотрено ниже. (Б) Если приобретенное имущество было использовано для сельского хозяйства и был основным источником средств к существованию своего владельца, и у него нет другой земли достаточной для его существования, развития Орган по его требованию, предложить ему иного имущества, либо в собственность или в аренду, в качестве полной или частичной компенсации. Компетентный орган, который будет назначаться для этой цели министром осуществляет, в соответствии с правилами, которые предписываются правила, определить категорию, местонахождение, площадь, и, в случае аренды, срок аренды (не менее 49 лет) и стоимость предлагаемых собственности, как для целей исчисления компенсации и для определения достаточности имущества для средств к существованию. (С) Положения части (б), должны дополнять, а не отступать от положений пункта (а).

По Кедар (стр. 153), до 1959 года, компенсация рассчитывается на основе стоимости земли 1950. The author cites a 1965 ILA report which shows that over 1.2 million dunum (about 1 200 km²) of Arab land were taken in this manner. ^{[ 28 ]}

[ edit ] The Absentees' Property (Amendment No.3) (Release and Use of Endowment Property) Law, 5725-1965 [10]

This law extends the scope of the Absentees' Property Law and earlier regulations concerning the Muslim religious endowment, the Waqf . Article 29A (c) states:

For the purposes of this section and of sections 29B to 29H, "endowment property" means Muslim waqf property being immovable property validly dedicated.

According to COHRE and BADIL (p. 41), it allows the Government to confiscate vast amounts of Muslim (charity) land and other properties, including cemeteries and mosques , and place them under Government administration. According to the law, income from these properties would be used in part to build institutions and provide services for the Muslim inhabitants in areas where such property is located. The law amends the 1950 law in the following way:

In section 4 of the Absentees' Property Law, 5710-1950(1) (hereinafter referred to as "the principal Law"), the following subsection shall be inserted after subsection (a):

(1) Where any property is an endowment under any law, the ownership thereof shall vest in the Custodian free from any restriction, qualification or other similar limitation prescribed, whether before or after the vesting, by or under any law or document relating to the endowment if the owner of the property, or the person having possession or the right of management of the property, or the beneficiary of the endowment, is an absentee. The vesting shall be as from the 10th Kislev, 5709 (12th December, 1948) or from the day on which one of the aforementioned becomes an absentee, whichever is the later date.

(2) The provisions of this subsection shall not void any restriction, qualification or other similar limitation prescribed by or under this Law or imposed by the Custodian and shall not void any transactions effected by him.".

(b) This section shall have effect retroactively as from the date of the coming into force of the principal Law.

According to Benvenisti:

"Most Waqf property in Israel was expropriated under the Absentee proberty Law (giving rise to the sarcastic quip -"Apparently God is an absentee [in Israel]") and afterward handed over to the Development Authority, ostensibly because this was necessary to prevent its being neglected, but actually so as to make it possible to sell it. Only about one-third of Muslim Waqf property, principally mosques and graveyards that were currently in use, was not expropriated. In 1956 its administration was turned over to the Board of Trustees of the Muslim Waqf, which by then was made up of collaborators appointed by the authorities. These "trustees" would sell or "exchange" land with the ILA without any accountability to the Muslim community. Anger over these deeds led to acts of violence within the community, including assassinations.". ^{[ 29 ]}

[ edit ] The Absentees' Property (Compensation) Law, 5733-1973 [11]

This law establishes the procedure to compensate owners of lands which have been confiscated under the Absentees' Property Law (1950) . It establishes the requirements to be eligible for compensation (Article 1):

The persons entitled to compensation are all those who were Israel residents on 1 July 1973, or became residents thereafter, and prior to the property becoming vested in the Custodian of Absentees' Property were

1.the owners of property, including their heirs, or

2.the tenants only of urban property, including spouses living with them at the last mentioned date, or

3.the lessees of property, or

4.the owners of any easement in property.

Other provisions specify the time limit legally allowed for filing a claim, whether compensation would be awarded in cash or bonds (depending on circumstances), the payment schedule (generally over a fifteen year period) and other provisions. Appended to the law is a detailed schedule of how compensation is to be calculated for each type of property, urban or agricultural. Some provisions of this law were amended in later years. ^{[ 30 ]}

[ edit ] Laws enacted to legalise further acquisition of depopulated lands, and related laws

[ edit ] Land (Acquisition for Public Purposes) Ordinance (1943)

This ordinance was originally enacted by the British in 1943 and later used by Israel to authorise the confiscation of lands for Government and 'public' purposes (see eminent domain ). These included building Government offices, creating lands and parks, and suchlike. Kedar (p. 155) describes this law as “the main general land expropriation law in force in Israel today”.

A 1964 amendment to this law, Acquisition for Public Purposes (Amendment of Provisions) Law, 5724-1964 , specifies procedures to be followed in the acquisition of lands based on this and other laws, including the original Land (Acquisition for Public Purposes) Ordinance (1943) , the Town Planning Ordinance (1936) , and the Roads and Railways (Defence and Development) Ordinance (1943) . The 1964 amendment also defines circumstances under which no compensation would be offered to those whose lands had been expropriated; generally, where the expropriation had occurred prior to the coming into force of this law. Additional amendments corrected various laws under which such lands might be expropriated, substituting Israeli laws for earlier British versions and clarifying rights to compensation.

According to COHRE and BADIL (p. 43), Israel used this law extensively to expropriate Palestinians lands. Many Palestinians challenged the expropriations and did not accept compensation. A 1978 amendment to the law, Acquisition for Public Purposes (Amendment of Provisions) (Amendment No.3) Law, 5738-1978 , addresses this issue by decreeing that where the owner refuses compensation or does not give consent within the time allotted, these funds would be deposited with the Administrator-General in the name of the owner. However, this provision has no bearing on the matter of the expropriation itself. According to the COHRE and BADIL study, lands acquired under this law were used for the building of new Jewish settlements or other ventures from which Arab Palestinians with Israeli citizenship were excluded. The Jewish-dominated sector of Upper Nazareth was created in this manner and was the subject of several lawsuits filed at the Supreme Court .

According to Fast Magazine, with the law 40 percent of the owner's land can be confiscated without compensation and public purposes are usually Jewish: From 1200 dunams confiscated in Nazareth for public purposes, 80 dunams were used for public buildings and the rest was used to build Jewish housing. ^{[ 31 ]}

[ edit ] Jerusalem Military Government (Validation of Acts) Ordinance, 5709-1949

According to COHRE and BADIL (p. 41), this law extends Israeli jurisdiction to 'the Occupied Area of Jerusalem' (the western part of Jerusalem that was incorporated into Israel in 1948). It declares that all orders and regulations enacted by the Military Governor or other Government ministries shall be given the force of law.

[ edit ] Development Authority (Transfer of Property) Law, 5710-1950 [12]

According to COHRE and BADIL (p. 42), the 'Authority for the Development of the Country' (or the 'Development Authority') was established to work with relevant Government agencies to acquire and prepare lands for the benefit of newly arriving Jewish immigrants. Vast amounts of land allocated for this purpose were bought from the 'Custodian of Absentee Property'. Pursuant to this law, lands passing into the hands of the State or to JNF control would be deemed inalienable. Article 3(4)(a) reads:

The Development Authority is competent:

to sell or otherwise dispose of, let, grant leases of, and mortgage property;provided that

(a) the Development Authority shall not be authorised to sell, or otherwise transfer the right of ownership of, property passing into public ownership, except to the State, to the Jewish National Fund, to an institution approved by the Government, for the purposes of this paragraph, as an institution for the settlement of landless Arabs, or to a local authority; the right of ownership of land so acquired may not be re-transferred except, with the consent of the Development Authority, to one of the bodies mentioned in this subparagraph;

(b) the Development Authority shall not be authorised to sell immovable property not being land passing into public ownership, unless such property has first been offered to the Jewish National Fund, and the Jewish National Fund has not agreed to acquire it within a period fixed by the Development Authority;

(c) the total area of immovable property, not being land passing into public ownership, which the Development Authority may sell, or the right of ownership of which it may otherwise transfer, shall not exceed 100,000 dunams, but immovable property acquired by any of the bodies mentioned in subparagraph (a) shall not be taken into account for the purposes of this subparagraph;

(d) the sale, or the transfer of the right of ownership in any other way, of immovable property, being land passing into public ownership or other immovable property, shall be effected by decision of the Government in each individual case;

[ edit ] Prescription Law, 5718-1958 [13]

The Prescription Law was first enacted in 1958 and amended in 1965. It repeals critical provisions of, and reverses British practices in relation to, the Ottoman Land Code (1858) .

According to COHRE and BADIL (p. 44), the Prescription Law is one of the most critical to understanding the legal underpinnings of Israel's acquisition of Palestinian lands. Although not readily apparent in the language of the law, the purpose behind this legislation was to enable Israel to claim as 'State lands' areas where Palestinians still predominated and where they could still assert their own claims on the land (for example, in the north of the country). The authors claim that this law, in conjunction with the Land (Settlement of Title) Ordinance (Amendment) Law, 5720-1960 , the Land (Settlement of Title) Ordinance (New Version), 5729-1969 and the Land Law, 5729-1969 , was designed to revise criteria related to the use and registration of Miri lands – one of the most prevalent types in Palestine – and to facilitate Israel's acquisition of such land.

Under this law, farmers are required to submit documentation proving uninterrupted cultivation of designated plots of land

over a 15-year period (the 'prescription' period). Article 5 states:

The period within which a claim in respect of which an action has not been brought shall be prescribed (such period being hereinafter referred to as "the period of prescription") shall be

(1) in the case of a claim not relating to land - seven years;

(2) in the case of a claim relating to land - fifteen years or, if the land has been registered in the land register after settlement of title in accordance with the Land (Settlement of Title) Ordinance(1), twenty-five years.

The law adds the proviso that lands purchased after 1 March 1943 would be subject to a 20-year verification period. The law also specifies a five-year hiatus between 1958 and 1963 that would not be counted toward this 'prescription' period. According to COHRE and BADIL, by 1963, much of the lands in question had still not been surveyed. Therefore, calculations of the requisite 20-year verification period were in effect halted, and the State was in a position to press its own claims to these lands. The authors consider that the Prescription Law had even more complex ramifications. For example, Israel decided that British aerial photographs of 1945 would be used to verify cultivation. Arab farmers who had not yet begun tilling their lands at the time the photographs were taken found they were by definition unable to meet the requisite 15-year 'prescription' period. Also, as Israel did not accept other evidence of cultivation, such as tax records, many Palestinians fell victim to a 'Catch-22': in the process of trying to establish their legal ownership they (retroactively) lost their lands. According to COHRE and BADIL a 1965 report by the Israeli Land Administration (ILA) reflects on the rationale behind the law:

In the Northern area, there was a danger of the [acquisition of rights] by prescription according to the Statute of Limitation (1958) regarding all State land, and those [lands] of the Custodian of Absentee Property and the Development Authority. Particularly in the area of the [Arab] minorities where various elements began to take over State land and those of the Development Authority, and [sic] there was worry that these lands would be taken away from the hand of the ILA [Israeli Land Administration] and be transferred to the ownership of the trespassers. ^{[ 32 ]}

Израильский закон является смешанная правовая система отражает разнообразные истории на территории государства Израиль на протяжении последних ста лет (которая была в разное время до обретения независимости в Османской , а затем британской суверенитета), а также правовых систем своих основных религиозных общин . Израильские правовая система основана на общем праве , которое также включает в себя аспекты гражданского права . Как Великобритания , Израиль не имеет формального Конституции , несмотря на утверждение в израильской Декларации независимости, что можно было бы быть написано. ^[1] Устав, принятый Кнессетом , в частности, Основных законов Израиля ( иврит : חוקי היסוד , ḥŭḳḳēi ха-yyǝsōd), обеспечивают основу, которая обогащается политических прецедентов и юриспруденции . Министерство иностранных дел и исторических влияний на современном израильском законодательстве разнообразны и включают в себя Mecelle ( иврит : מג'לה; Гражданского кодекса Османской империи ) и немецким гражданским правом , религиозный закон (еврейская Галаха и мусульманского шариата , в основном касающихся в области из семейного права ), а британская общего права . Израильские суды, под влиянием в последние годы американского права и канадского закона ^[2] и, в меньшей степени Континентальный Закона (в основном из Германии ). ^[3]

Общая информация

Фон 93% земли в Израиле находится в общественном достоянии, то есть, либо собственность государства, Еврейского национального фонда (ЕНФ) или Development Authority. Управление земельных ресурсов Израиля (УЗР) является правительственной организацией, ответственной за управление этой землей, которая включает 4820500 акров (19508 тысяч дунамов). "Собственность" недвижимости в Израиле обычно означает, прав аренды из АМП в течение 49 или 98 лет. Правовые рамки Четыре краеугольных составляющих правовую основу земельной политики Израиля: Основной закон создании Управления земельных ресурсов Израиля (1960) Израильский земельный закон (1960) Управление земельных ресурсов Израиля (1960) Пакта между государством Израиль и Всемирной сионистской организации (Еврейский национальный фонд) (1960) Земельных ресурсов Израиля Совет определяет политику АМП. Председателем Совета является заместитель премьер-министра, министр промышленности, торговли, труда и коммуникаций. Совет состоит из 22 членов, 12 представляют министерств и 10 представляют собой Еврейский национальный фонд. Генеральный директор АМП назначается правительством. Функции АМП Гарантии, что национальная земля используется в соответствии с израильскими законами. Активно защищать и контролировать состояние земель. Сделать государственного земельного доступной для общественного использования. План, развитии и управлении запасами государственного земельного. Инициировать планирования и развития (В том числе перемещение существующих пассажиров). Регламентирует и регулирует регистрации государственных земель. Авторизация договоров и соглашений с другими партиями. Предоставлять услуги для широкой публики. Цели политики Назначение земельных участков для общественных и государственных нужд Обеспечение земельного фонда для удовлетворения будущих потребностей Сохранение земель сельскохозяйственного назначения Землепользование в соответствии с законом Охрана государственных земель Департаменты Городской маркетинг Право собственности и регистрации Отображение Планирования и развития Городские Сделки Сельские Сделки Оценке земли Инспекция и контроль Юрисконсульт Финансы Персонал и администрация Информационная технология Внутреннего аудита

www.mmi.gov.il

Управление земельных ресурсов Израиля (УЗР; иврите : מנהל מקרקעי ישראל; арабском : مديرية أراضي اسرائيل) является частью правительства Израиля и отвечает за управление 93% земли в Израиле, которая находится в общественном достоянии . Эти земли являются собственностью государства, принадлежат Еврейскому национальному фонду (ЕНФ), которая контролирует 13% земли, ^[1] или принадлежат к органу развития Израиля . Эта земля состоит из 4820500 акров (19 508 км ^2). "Собственность" недвижимости в Израиле обычно означает, прав аренды из АМП в течение 49 или 98 лет.

Содержание [hide] 1 Правовые основы 2 управления 3 исключения иностранных граждан 4 Исключение арабских граждан 5 постановления суда 6 См. также 7 Справки 8 Внешние ссылки