4. Answer the following questions:

1. What does the life of the road structure depend on?

2. What does maintenance include?

3. It is better to maintain and rehabilitate existing roads than construct new ones, isn’t it?

4. What types of maintenance are there?

5. What are the ways of reconstruction of deteriorated pavements?

6. What means of protection from snow do you know?

7. What kinds of machines are used to protect roads from snowdrifts?

8. Do most of roads and highways meet the requirements of modern traffic?

Vocabulary practice

5. Choose the right translation of the word:

1. to prevent a) насыщать b) предотвращать с) сохранять

2. binder a) покрытие b) маршрут с) вяжущее вещество

3. to spread а) улучшать b) распределять с) обрабатывать

4. to reduce a) регулировать b) уменьшать с) насыпать

5. to penetrate a) проникать b) размещать с) противостоять

6. alignment a) конструкция b) трасса с) устойчивость

7. to deteriorate a) удалять b) ухудшать с) улучшать

6. Match the words in a with an appropriate ending in b:

A	involves	B
1.Routing maintenance 2.Periodic maintenance 3. Rehabilitation 4.Seasonal maintenance 5.Emergency maintenance		a) resurfacing and bridge repairs scheduled over periods of several years. b) restoration of the road to its initial condition and sometimes widening, making small alignment changes or providing footpaths. c) grading, grass cutting, drain clearing, pothole and shoulder repairs which are carried frequently. d) restoring roads after major failures and repairing of road signs. e) snow clearing and flood repairs.

7. Fill in the blanks using the words below and translate the sentences:

to suit, slippery, to clear, conditions, caused, bends

Driving in bad weather _______ creates extra difficulties. An early indication of likely weather conditions allows motorists to change their driving _______ those conditions. Statistics also show that such early warnings (предупреждения) have saved lives, particularly at dangerous ______. For example, in Finland where most travel is by road, and where one in four accidents are ______ by speeding on icy roads warning of coming snow or ice is essential. This allows road workers _______snow and prevent ________ surfaces, thus preventing many accidents.

Language focus

8. Read and translate the following words paying attention to the prefix “re-”:

resurface, reconstruct, restore, replace, remove, remix.

9. Form nouns from the following verbs and translate them:

to care - . . .; to improve - . . .; to repair - . . .;

to treat - . . .; to wire - . . .; to deteriorate - . . .;

to attach - . . .; to align - . . .; to strengthen - . . .;

to protect - . . , to remove - . . , to smooth - . . . ..

10. Match the words with their synonyms:

a) to continue, shoulder, to spread, to plan, to connect, damage, traction.

b) failure, wayside, to prolong, adhesion, to schedule, to scatter, to wire.

11. Match the words with their antonyms:

1. to improve, to destroy, to narrow, restoration, final, under.

2. initial, to rehabilitate, failure, above, to widen, to deteriorate.

Speaking

12. Speak on:

1. The significance of maintenance for the life of a road.

2. The main types of maintenance activities.

3. Ways of repairing damage and resurfacing.

4. Maintenance activities in winter.