3. Answer the following questions:

1. What information does this text carry?

2. What is the right-of-way?

3. In what cases is the width of the right–of–way made wider?

4. When is it necessary to reduce the width of the right–of–way to a minimum?

5. What should be done with the land appropriated for temporary structures after the termination of construction works?

6. What is the cross–section of a road?

7. What is a carriageway?

8. What is used to reinforce the carriageway?

9. What are shoulders?

10. What can you say about the function of shoulders?

4. Complete the sentences using the text:

1. Right–of–way is … .

2. Certain additional areas may be allocated in separate cases, for example … .

3. The workers have to render suitable for further use in agriculture the land which … .

4. Motor vehicles run within … .

5. Natural or artificial stone aggregates are used for … .

6. Lateral support to the pavement is provided by … .

7. You can park your vehicle … .

Language Focus

5. Arrange the synonyms in pairs:

To terminate, to protect, within, overhaul, ancillary, to allocate, to defend, to finish, in, to reserve, to reinforce, auxiliary, repair, to strengthen.

6. Give the derivatives of the following words (adjectives, adverbs, nouns, verbs) and translate them:

To protect, to excavate, to level, to suit, wide, to value, to reduce, strict, to separate.

7. Fill in the correct prepositions:

over

for

since

in

from

by

to

of

to

1. If the car is well maintained it will not need any repair … several years.

2. Cement has many advantages … traditional materials for it can be easily laid, compacted and shaped.

3. Considerable attention must be given to the reconstruction of roads … order … make them suitable for high–speed motor traffic.

4. …. excavators are heavy and slow–moving machines they are carried …site…site … special transporters.

5. Salt spreading on roads reduce the number … traffic accidents.

8. Fill in the blanks using the words below and translate the text:

Water, embankment, soil, utilization, quantity, near, level

ROADBED

In order to lay the carriageway at the required ______ above the ground surface a formation or roadbed is constructed in the form of embankments or cuttings with side ditches for drainage and diversion of ______. The formation includes also borrow pits – shallow excavations from which the ______ was used for filling the embankments, and spoil banks, which are heaps of excessive soil, parallel to the road , remaining after excavation of cuttings.

If the embankment is low soil for its construction can be taken from the widen side ditches. When the ______ is high the soil has to be taken from cuttings adjacent to the road or from shallow excavations made near the road and called borrow pits. When the embankments are high and require a great ______ of soil, the borrow pits are usually excavated away from the embankment. In any case the borrow pits should be excavated as ______as possible to the road because by reducing the length of haul of the soil from the borrow pit to the embankment one reduces the cost of the earthworks and improves the ______ of road machinery.

Note:

roadbed земляное полотно

shallow excavation неглубокая выработка

spoil bank кавальер (вал)

cutting выемка

haul перевозка