Определительные придаточные предложения

Определительные придаточные предложения отвечают на вопрос Which? What? (какой?). В предложении выполняют роль определения и обычно стоят рядом с тем словом, которое определяют. Вводятся относительными местоимениями:

Относительное местоимение		Примечание	Примеры
who	который	Относятся к одушевленным лицам	In 1958 he worked with Jack Kilby who developed a prototype of a chip.
which	который	Относятся к неодушевленным предметам	There are small computers which have a watch battery as a source of power.
that	который	Относятся как к одушевленным, так и к неодушевленным лицам и предметам	A computer is a machine that manipulates data according to a set of instructions.

XX. Прочитайте предложения. Обратите внимание на определительные придаточные предложения, на их место в предложении и на союзы, которые их вводят:

a) 1. Technology is a combination of organizational and technical methods which are important in the process of manufacturing. 2. Microelectronics is the study and manufacture of electronic components and devices which are very small. 3. Electronics is different from electrical science and technology, which deals with the generation, distribution, control and application of electrical power. 4. A modem is a device that allows computers to communicate over telephone lines.

б) 1. Many individuals use blogs, which are online diaries. 2. Data comes through Input and the CPU processes the data on the base of a program which is in Memory. 3. The Internet is a global data communications system that provides connectivity between computers. 4. CPU, which interprets and implements software instructions, is the main information processor in a computer.

Грамматический разбор сложного английского предложения:

I II III

(The methods of scientific research) (include) (the generation of hypotheses and experiments)

I II III IV

[(that) (test) (these hypotheses) (under controlled conditions)].

XXI. Сделайте грамматический разбор сложных предложений:

1. Devices that provide input or output to the computer are peripherals. 2. A computer is a machine that manipulates data according to a set of instructions. 3. I/O is the means by which a computer exchanges information with the outside world. 4. Software is the electronic instruction that tells the computer to do a task.

Названия времен года, месяцев, дней недели

Времена года: winter, spring, summer, autumn.

Месяцы: January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August, September, October, November, December.

Дни недели: Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday.

XXII. Переведите на английский язык:

1. Сегодня 1 февраля 2056 года, четверг. 2. Вчера было 27 июня, суббота. 3. Завтра будет 1 ноября, вторник. 4. Сейчас весна, апрель. 5. Зима и лето – мои любимые времена года. 5. Есть три зимних месяца. Это декабрь, январь и февраль. 6. В неделе семь дней: понедельник, вторник, среда, четверг, пятница, суббота, воскресенье. 7. Осень – очень красивое время года. 8. Март, апрель и май – весенние месяцы. 9. Июль – самый теплый месяц в году. 10. В сентябре дети идут в школу.

Text A

Computers

A computer is a machine that manipulates data according to a set of instructions. The first electronic computers appeared in the mid-20th century (1940–1945). These were the size of a large room and consumed much power. Those computers used vacuum tubes and electric relays as their electronic elements and were in use throughout the 1950s. In 1960s transistor-based machines, which were smaller, faster, cheaper and more reliable replaced the first computers.

In the 1970s, integrated circuit technology and the creation of microprocessors, such as the Intel 4004, decreased size and cost and increased speed and reliability of computers. The Intel 4004 was powerful enough to become the main unit of many useful hand calculators at the time. Computing technology rapidly advanced and in the 1980s the first personal computers appeared.

Modern computers on the base of integrated circuits are millions of times more powerful than the first machines. There are computers small enough to build into a watch, which have a watch battery as a source of power. The built-in computers which are present in many devices from MP3 players to aircraft and from toys to industrial robots are however the most numerous.

A Computer-based system consists of two major elements: Hardware and Software. Hardware refers to the physical elements of a computer and consists of three major components: CPU (Central Processing Unit), IO (Input/Output), and Memory.

CPU, in its turn, consists of Arithmetic and Logic Unit(ALU), Control Unit(CU) and Registers. CPU is the main information processor in a computer which performs software instructions, makes calculations and comparisons, provides logical decisions on the base of the Boolean algebra rules.

The Input-Output equipment refers to the communication between an information processing system and the outside world. Common input devices include keyboards and optical scanners; output devices include printers and cathode-ray tube and liquid-crystal display monitors. Devices for communication between computers, such as modems and network interface cards, usually serve for input and output.

Data comes through Input and the CPU processes the data on the base of a program which is in Memory. Memory is a computer data storage system and one of the fundamental components of all modern computers. The information which a computer receives from its input unit is in the main memory or in an auxiliary storage device.

In contrast to hardware software has a non-physical nature. Software is a collection of electronic instructions (routines) and rules that tell the hardware how to perform a task. With the evolution of the Internet, which allows computer users to access and exchange information with other computers personal computers will become as common as the television and the telephone in the household.

Задания к тексту А:

I. Прочитайте и переведите следующие выражения:

according to a set of instructions; the size of a large room; a transistor-based system; integrated circuit technology; subsequent creation of microprocessors; to be powerful enough; a source of power; the embedded computers; however the most numerous; two major elements; Hardware and Software; Central Processing Unit; Arithmetic and Logic Unit; Control Unit; the Input-Output equipment; an information processing system; the outside world; to serve for both input and output; a computer data storage system; one of the fundamental components; an auxiliary storage device; in contrast to; a collection of routines.

II. Найдите в предыдущем упражнении английские эквиваленты следующих русских выражений:

последующее создание микропроцессоров; устройство управления; технология интегральных микросхем; в противоположность к ; встроенные компьютеры; согласно набору инструкций; система обработки информации; быть достаточно мощным; внешний мир; размером с большую комнату; компьютерная система хранения данных; коллекция программ; один из фундаментальных компонентов; система на основе транзисторов; центральный микропроцессор; оборудование ввода-вывода (данных); арифметическое и логическое устройство; источник энергии; вспомогательное устройство хранения; однако самые многочисленные; аппаратные средства и программное обеспечение; два основных элемента; служить как для ввода, так и для вывода (данных);

III. Глагол в скобках поставьте во время Present Indefinite:

1. Those computers (to use) vacuum tubes and electric relays as their electronic elements. 2. Computing technology rapidly (to advance). 3. A Computer-based system (to consist of) two major elements: Hardware and Software. 4. Common input devices (to include) keyboards and optical scanners. 5. Common output devices (to include) printers and cathode-ray tube and liquid-crystal display monitors. 6. CPU interprets and implements software instructions, performs calculations and comparisons, makes logical decisions.

IV. Сказуемое в предложениях из предыдущего упражнения поставьте сначала во время Past Indefinite, а затем во время Future Indefinite.Предложения переведите.

V. Сделайте грамматический разбор предложения:

1. In the 1970s, integrated circuit technology and the subsequent creation of microprocessors, such as the Intel 4004, decreased size and cost and further increased speed and reliability of computers. 2. With the evolution of the Internet, which allows computer users to access and exchange information with other computers personal computers became as common as the television and the telephone in the household.

VI. Ответьте письменно на следующие вопросы:

1. What is a computer?

2. When did the first electronic computers appear?

3. When did transistor-based computers appear?

4. What decreased size and cost and increased speed and reliability of computers?

5. When did the first personal computers appear?

6. What is the difference between the first machines and modern computers?

7. What are the examples of built-in computers?

8. Does a computer-based system consist of two major elements? What are they?

9. What are the examples of input devices and output devices?

10. Has software a non-physical nature?

11. What is software?

12. What will become with the evolution of the Internet?

VII. Переведите текст А письменно.

Text B

The Internet

The Internet is the worldwide network that links millions of computers together via copper wires, fiber-optic cables, wireless connections, and other telecommunications channels. The origins of the Internet reach back to the 1960s. Now the Internet and the World Wide Web are everywhere. In 2008, there were close to 600 million people in the world wide web and in 2009, a quarter of Earth's population used the services of the Internet.

The Internet provides not only answers to different questions but hours of entertainment. The Internet allows people from all over the world to talk to each other. But what exactly are the Internet and the World Wide Web? The terms Internet and World Wide Web are often used in everyday speech without much distinction. However, the Internet and the World Wide Web are not one and the same.

The Internet is a global data communications system. It is a hardware and software infrastructure that provides connectivity between computers. In contrast, the Web is one of the services communicated via the Internet. It is a collection of interconnected documents and other resources, linked by hyperlinks.

The Internet enables or accelerates the creation of new forms of human interactions through instant messaging, Internet forums, and social networking sites. Internet "chat" allows colleagues to stay in touch in a very convenient way. Messages can be exchanged even more quickly and conveniently than via e-mail. The Internet allows people to work together more effectively.

The Internet allows computer users to remotely access other computers and information stores easily, wherever they may be across the world.

In normal use, web browsers, such as Internet Explorer, Firefox, Opera, Apple Safari, and Google Chrome, let users navigate from one web page to another via hyperlinks. Documents on the web may contain any combination of computer data, including graphics, sounds, text, video, multimedia and interactive content including games, office applications and scientific demonstrations.

The World Wide Web has the ability of extreme decentralization of information and data compared to printed encyclopedias and traditional libraries.

With the Web, it is also easier for individuals and organizations to present ideas and information to a potentially large audience. Many individuals use web logs or blogs, which are updatable online diaries.

E-mail is an important communications service available on the Internet. Pictures, documents and other files can be sent as e-mail attachments.

The prevalent language for communication on the Internet is English.

Задания к тексту B:

I. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующим русским выражениям:

инфраструктура из аппаратных средств и программного обеспечения; интернет и глобальная сеть; обновляемые online дневники; дистанционно получать доступ к другим компьютерам и устройствам хранения информации; часы развлечения; прикрепления к e-mail сообщениям; глобальная система передачи данных; медные провода, волоконно-оптические кабели, беспроводное соединение и другие каналы связи; чрезвычайная децентрализация информации и данных; не одно и то же; любое сочетание компьютерных данных, включая графику, звук, текс, видео; оставаться на связи.

II. Сформулируйте в нескольких словах содержание каждого абзаца.

III. Напишите резюме к тексту.

IV. Ответьте на вопросы:

1. What is the Internet?

2. When did its origins appear?

3. How many users were there in the world wide web in 2009?

4. What does the Internet provide?

5. Are the terms Internet and World Wide Web the same?

6. What is their main distinction?

7. What new forms of human interactions does the Internet enable to provide?

8. What web browsers let users navigate from one web page to another via hyperlinks?

9. What data may documents on the web contain?

10. What advantages has the World Wide Web compared to traditional libraries?

11. What is the prevalent language for communication on the Internet?

V. Перескажите текст, используя в качестве плана вопросы предыдущего упражнения.

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