Грамматика

The Indefinite Tenses

Каждой группе времен в английском языке соответствует своя форма инфинитива. Времена группы Indefinite в Active Voice (действительном залоге) образуются от простого инфинитива (to ask, to work, to write). Инфинитив глагола в действительном залоге обозначает действие, которое производит предмет или лицо.

The Present Indefinite Tense

Употребление:

выражает постоянные и обычно повторяющиеся действия, которые можно охарактеризовать словами: «всегда, обычно, постоянно». И часто употребляется с наречиями неопределенного времени: often (часто); seldom (редко); sometimes (иногда); always (всегда); never (никогда); usually (обычно).

Образование:

утвердительная форма для всех лиц, за исключением 3-го лица единственного числа, совпадает по форме с простым инфинитивом без частицы to.

I (you, we, they) ask.

В 3-ем лице единственного числа к основе инфинитива прибавляется окончание –s:

He (she, it) asks.

XI. Прочитайте предложения. Инфинитив в скобках поставьте во время Present Indefinite. На места пропусков вставьте наречия неопределенного времени, обратите внимание на их место в предложении:

а) 1. Natural science disciplines … (to study) natural phenomena. 2. This article (to focus) on the more common use of the word “science”. 3. The methods of scientific research … (to include) the generation of hypotheses about a phenomenon and experimentation. 4. Software engineering … (to concentrate) on software with a high reliability.

б) 1. A very large amount of personal computers … (to connect) to the Internet. 2. A computer … (to manipulate) data according to a set of instructions. 3. A basic computer … (to consist) of three major components: CPU (Central Processing Unit), IO (Input/Output), and Memory. 4. Data (to come) through Input and the CPU (to process) the data. 5. CPU (to consist) of Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU), Control Unit (CU) and Registers. 6. Software (to be) a set of electronic instructions that … (to tell) the hardware how to perform a task. 7. Common input devices ... (to include) keyboards and optical scanners; output devices ... (to include) printers and cathode-ray tube and liquid-crystal display monitors.

The Past Indefinite Tense

Употребление:

выражает «историческое прошлое». Обычно известно, что действие произошло в прошлом, причем время совершения действия часто сообщается.

Образование:

1. От правильных глаголов – путем прибавления к инфинитиву (без частицы to) окончания –ed

I (you, he, she, it, we, they) asked.

2. Неправильные глаголы имеют свою II форму:

to write – wrote; to think – thought; to sleep – slept.

I (you, he, she, it, we, they) wrote.

XII. Образуйте II форму (the Past Indefinite) от следующих неправильных глаголов:

to become, to begin, to build, to make, to read, to send, to write, to find, to tell.

XIII. Прочитайте предложения. Инфинитив в скобках поставьте во время Past Indefinite:

а) 1. Technology (to revolutionize) greatly the development of society in the 19^th century. 2. The Internet (to begin) its work in the late 1960s. 3. Most digital circuits (to use) two voltage levels. 4. They (to find) a mistake in their calculations. 5. Computers (to make) possible to accelerate the data processing.

б) 1. The first electronic computers (to be) the size of a large room and (to consume) much power. 2. In the 1990s computer networking (to become) available for population. 3. The first electronic computers (to appear) in the mid-20th century (1940–1945). 4. Computer engineers (to write) a new routine and (to send) it to the experimental shop. 5. Computers (to be) initially large machines and (to occupy) rooms. 6. He (to read) the message and (to write) the answer. 7. The first computers (to use) vacuum tubes and electric relays as their electronic elements. 8. This new computer’s software (to become) very important for the data’s security. 9. In 1960s the transistor-based machines (to replace) the first computers. 10. Those models (to be) smaller, faster, cheaper, (to require) less power, and (to be) more reliable. 11. In contrast to electronics electrical science (to refer) the generation, distribution, control and application of electrical power.

The Future Indefinite Tense

Употребление:

выражает действие, которое «может быть, возможно, вероятно» произойдет в будущем.

Образование:

сочетание вспомогательных глаголов shall или will с инфинитивом смыслового глагола (без частицы to).

I (we) shall write.

You (he, she, it, they) will write.

XIV. Прочитайте предложения. Инфинитив в скобках поставьте во время Future Indefinite:

а) 1. We (to receive) all information about their latest investigations. 2. Large computer programs (to consist) of several million instructions. 3. This system (to enable) to manipulate data much faster. 4. The speed of data processing (to be) the main task in developing new communication systems.

б) 1. The Internet (to provide) not only answers to different questions but hours of chat and games. 2. The task of development of large software systems (to present) a significant intellectual problem. 3. The problems of faster data processing (to exist) in future. 4. The message (to contain) the information about auxiliary equipment functioning. 5. The data security problems (to become) very important. 6. The central controller unit (to control) the computer's components. 7. The Internet (to enable) or (to accelerate) the creation of new forms of human interactions through messaging, Internet forums, etc. 8. A new fiber-optic communication system (to increase) the speed of data transmission and (to decrease) the cost of its service. 9. Supercomputers in particular (to have) highly unique architectures and (to differ) significantly from usual computers. 10. The development of computer engineering (to accelerate) the data processing and (to make) computers more reliable.

XV. Прочитайте предложения. В каждом предложении найдите сказуемое, определите его время. Предложения переведите:

а) 1. The Internet users commonly access the networks via a modem. 2. A modem allows computers to communicate over telephone lines. 3. B. Pascal and G. W. Leibniz developed mechanical digital calculating machines in the 17th century. 4. The computer industry will continue to design faster and more cost-effective CPUs.

б) 1. Development of the computer chip began in 1958. 2. Digital computer operates on data which include letters, and symbols. 3. The CPU used these clock pulses to synchronize its operations. 4. CPUs’ processing units will interpret and implement software instructions, perform calculations and comparisons, make logical decisions and store information. 5. This microcircuit made possible the production of computers of higher operating speeds, capacity, and reliability at significantly lower cost. 6. Documents on the web will contain any combination of computer data which will include graphics, sounds, text, video, multimedia and interactive games, office applications and scientific demonstrations. 7. Electronics engineering uses the scientific knowledge of the controlled motion of electrons to develop components, devices, systems, or equipment such as transistor, integrated circuits and printed circuit boards, etc.

XVI. Слова в скобках переведите на английский язык:

а) 1. Good examples of analog circuits (включают в себя) vacuum tube and transistor amplifiers, operational amplifiers and oscillators. 2. Some computer programs (будут манипулировать) symbolic information at extremely high speeds. 3. The late 1960s and '70s (увидели) dramatic advances in computer hardware.

б) 1. These instructions (вошли в) the computer’s main memory. 2. VLSI (very large-scale integration) circuits (будут содержать) more than 3 million transistors on a silicon chip less than 2 cm² in area. 3. A typical modern computer (выполняет) billions of instructions per second and seldom (делает) a mistake over many years of operation. 4. Experimental ideas in computer science (радикально революционизируют) the design of computers and the concept of the CPU in the future. 5. The transistor (работают) faster and more reliably and (потребляют) much less power than a vacuum tube.