3.4. Методические рекомендации по руководству самостоятельной работой студентов

Самостоятельная работа осуществляется по нескольким направлениям. Во-первых – это выполнение регулярных заданий. Во вторых – выполнение индивидуальных самостоятельных заданий. В-третьих – участие в работе научного кружка, в-четвертых – написание курсовых работ по тематике предмета. Для самостоятельного усвоения материала и проведения исследования имеется не только приведенная в библиографическом списке литература, но и специально для самостоятельной работы созданная История английского языка в таблицах. В том числе и на электронном носителе. (прилагается). Данный материал представляет собой самоучитель, который после установочного занятия с объяснением успешно используется студентами для самостоятельной подготовки и имеет от них положительные отзывы.

История английского языка в таблицах представляет собой минимальный и достаточный материал, который может быть использован в качестве справочника при подготовке к семинарским занятиям. Задания к семинарам основываются на данных таблиц и носят творческий характер. Студентам нет необходимости выучивать материал таблиц.

Материалы для самостоятельной работы

ИСТОРИЯ АНГЛИЙСКОГО ЯЗЫКА В

ТЕКСТАХ И ТАБЛИЦАХ

OLD ENGLISH NOUN

Strong Declension

Singular

Masculine a-stem Neuter a-stem Feminine o-stem

N.stan ban tigol

G.stanes banes tigole

D.stane bane tigole

A.stan ban tigole

Plural

N.stanas ban tigola

G.stana bana tigola

D.stanum banum tigolum

A.stanas ban tigola

Weak Declension

M N F

N.nama eage cwene

G.naman eagan cwenan

D.naman eagan cwenan

A.naman eage cwenan

plural

N.naman eagan сwenan

G.namena eagena cwenena

D.namum eagum cwenum

A.naman eagan cwenan

n-stem root-stem

N.oxa mann

G.oxan mannes

D.oxan menn

A.oxan mann

plural

N.oxan menn

G.oxena manna

D.oxum mannum

A.oxan menn

OLD ENGLISH PRONOUN

personal English Pronounsingular	1 person	2 person	3pers. masc.	3pers.. 3 pers. fem neut	3pers. neut.
N	ic,eo	ђu	he	heo hit	hit
G	min	ђin	his	hire his	his
D	me	ђe	him	hire him	him
A	me	ђe	hine	hie hit	hit
plural
N	we	ge	hie	hie hie	hie
G	ure	eower	hiera	hiera hie	hie
D	us	eow	him,hem	him,hem him	him
A	us	eow	hie	hie hie	hie
Dual Pronoun
N	wit	git
G	uncer	incer
D	unc	inc
A	unc	inc
Demonstrative				pl
se (that) N			se	seo ђǽt ђa	ђǽt
G			ђǽs	ђǽre ђǽs ђara	ђǽs
D			ђǽm	ђǽre ђǽm ђǽm	ђǽm
A			ђone	ђa ђǽt ђa	ђǽt
Instr.			ђy	ђy	ђy
Demonstrative N			ђes	ђios ђis ђas	ђis
ђes (this) G			ђisses	ђisse ђisses ђissa	ђisses
D			ђissum	ђisse ђissum ђissum	ђissum
A			ђisne	ђis ђas	ђis
Interrogative		(who)		(what)
Pronouns N		hwa		hwat
G		hwǽs		hwǽs
D		hwǽm		hwǽm
A		hwone		hwǽt
Instr.				hwi

Reflexive – seolf, Definite – ǽlc (each), swilc (such)

Indefinite – ǽnig (any), Negative – nan, nǽnig, Relative – ђe

Old English Verb Strong Verbs

Infinitive Past sing. Past plur. Prticiple 2

Class 1

writan wrat writon written (write)

Class 2

ceosan ceas curon coren (choose)

Class 3

drincan dranc druncon drunken (drink)

Class 4

stelan stǽl stǽlon stolen (steal)

Class 5

cweþan cwǽþ cwǽdon cweden (say)

Class 6

scacan scoc scocon scacen (shake)

Class 7

feallan feol feollon feallen (fall)

Weak Verbs

Class1(Regular Verbs)

hierian hierde hierdon hiered (hear}

(Irregular Verbs)

ðencean ðohte ðohte ðoht (think)

Class2

macian macode macodon macod (make)

Class3

secgan sǽgde sǽgdon sǽgd (say)

Conjugation

Singular

Present Past

1 binde band (bind)

2 bindest bande

3 bindeђ band

Plural

bindaþ bundon

The Old English Irregular Verb sindon wesan, beon

Present

Singular Sindon beon wesan

ic eom, beo wese

ђu eart, bist wesst

he|hit|heo is biђ west

Plural

we|ge|hie sindon beoð wesað

Past

Singular

ic – – wǽs

ђu – – wǽre

he|hit|heo – – wǽs

Plural

we|ge|hie – – wǽron

Ppl I – beonde wesende

Ppl II – gebeon –

The present forms of wesan are almost never used

Preterite-present Verb magan

Present

ic mǽg

ђu meaht

he|hit|heo mǽg

we|ge|hie magon

Past

ic meahte

ђu meahtest

he|hit|heo meahte

we|ge|hie meahton

OLD ENGLISH ADJECTIVE

Strong Declension

Singular

Masculine Neuter Feminine

N.god god gode

G.godes godes godre

D.godum godum godre

A.godne god gode

Plural

N.gode god goda

G.godra godra godra

D.godum godum godum

A.gode god goda

Weak Declension

Singular

Masc. Neut. Femin. Plural

N.goda gode gode godan

G.godan godan godan godra

D.godan godan godan godum

A.godan gode godan godan

Degrees of Comparison

Positive Comparative Superlative

Heard (hard) headra heardost

Suppletive Forms

god betara betst

yfel wiersa wierest

mice(much) mara maest

MIDDLE ENGLISH

the Noun

the Strong Declension the Weak Declension

Singular Plural Singular Plural

N.ston stones name namen

G.stones stones name namen

D.ston(e) stones name namen

the Pronoun (Personal)Singular

the 1st Person the 2nd Person the 3d Person

N. ich thou he, she, it

Obj. me the him,her

Plural

N. we ye hi, they

Obj. us you hem, them

The Pronoun(Possessive)Singular

min thin his, her, his

Plural

Our your hire, their

The Verb (Strong Verbs, 7 Classes)

Infinitive Past Singular Past Plural Participle II

1.writen wrot written written (write)

2.chesen ches chosen chosen (choose)

3.drinken drank drunken drunken (drink)

4.stelen stal stal stolen (steal)

5.quethen quoth quethen quethen (say)

6.shaken shok shoken shaken (shake)

7.fallen fel fellen fallen (fall)

The Weak Verbs

leornian leornode leornode leornod

Irregular Weak Verb

thenken thoughte thoughte thought

Conjugation of the Strong Verb binden (class 3)

Present Past

the1st person binde bond

the2nd person bindest bounde

the3d person bindeth bond

The Verb to be

Present singular Present plural Past singular Past plural

the 1^st person am was

the 2^nd person art ben were weren

the 3d person is was

EARLY MODERN ENGLISH

The Great Vowel Shift, Diphthongization

1500 – 1660 (Webster – 1500 – 1750)

1.i:→ai time 2.e →i: speak 3.e:→i: feel 4.a →ei make

5.o →ou hope 6.o: →u moon 7.u: →au out 8.au →o: cause

The names of some letters

a [a:] → [ei], e [e:] → [i:], o [o:] → [ou], b [be:] → [bi]

Short Vowels and Diphthongs

1.a → ǽ cat 2.a →o after w was, want 3.u → ٨ cup, up (17c)

4.o; →u → ٨ blood 5.After the labial p,f, b [u] remains u pull full bull 6.er → ar ferm → farm, sterre → star, clerk → clerk

Consonants

1.s → z is comes 2.ђ → ð wit, they, there 3.f → v of

4.ks → gz exibit, exercise 5 [x] (written gh was lost daughter, eight, light, night 6.Initial k, g, w were gone in some words knife, gnat, wrong 7. final [ng] → [ή] thing, going

8.[sj] → [∫] Russian 9. [zj] → [z] measure 10. [tj] → [t∫] nature

11.[dj] → [dz] soldier

The English Language became analytical;

1.auxiliary do, did, does

2. from the 18c the possessive case mainly with nouns denoting living beings

3plural pronouns ye, you (thee, thou, thine –singular)

4.Adjectives lost their inflections except the degrees of comparison

5 The Verb in the 3d person has (e)s instead of eth

6. The gerund developed from ppl 1 and the verbal noun

COMMON ABBREVIATIONS

1. B.C. before Christ

2. B.L. Bachelor of law \ Letters

3. B.A. Bachelor of Arts

4. B.S. Bachelor of Science

5. COD cash on delivery

5. Col Colonial

6. Cwt hundredweight

7. F.C.A. Fellow of Chartered Accountants

8. EIIR Elizabeth the Second Regina

9. IOU I Owe You

10. f.p.s. foot, pound, second

11. M.S. (M.A.) Master of Science ( Master of Arts)

12. LCD Liquid Crystal Display

13. RADAR Radio Detection and Ranging

14. LASER Light Amplification Stimulated by the Emission of Radiation

15. HMS Her Majesty’s Ship \ Service

16. AWOL Absent Without Leave

17. POW Prisoner of War

18. A1 - the best [Lloyd’s classification]

19. R.A.F. Royal air Force

20. YMCA (YWCA) Young Men’s (Women’s) Christian Associaеion

21. 4-H club [head, hands, heart, health]

22. D-day, H-hour important day or hour

23. MS manuscript

24. Nato North Atlantic Treaty Organization

25. TUC Trade Union Council

Find what the following abbreviations stand for, please:

UK, ac\dc, b.p., I.H.P., MM, m.p. M.P., sp.gr., A\C, C\A, a.f. Appx., Attn., CEO, CV, dd, EAON, encl., F.Y., h.p., incl., inv., iss., L\A, L\C, LOC, M.T., ATM, eft\pos, N\A, o\l, P.A., GPO, pp, rct, VAT, VIP, N.Y.N.Y., N.Y.C., pvt hse, Col, w\fpl, 2-c grg, 2BR, 1blk to, utils, $489K, pkg, EZ terms, agcy, DR&Kit, recent refs, nr, exp., wb stove, AAA rated, 120sq ft Condo, hdwd flrs, yd, natl wdwk, eat-in kit, Fla rm, maint free, bsmt, cvrd front porch, dead end str., 8’ceilings, Cape, w\wbfp, TLC, ID, open flr plan,utilities & appls, PJ’s, PG, PDQ, OP’s, MC, MOR, MCP, L’s, L7, k.o., J.O., J, 100G, FTA, FFV, WWII E, D.A. BYOB, DI, BMOC, SFCA, SFCC, HM, BLT, AR, GAPO, BB, Nilky, Dinky, snafu, super grass, iron, Elephant’s, Ginger, dickie

ROMANIC ABBREVIATIONS IN ENGLISH

1. S.P.Q.R. [senatus Populusque Romanus]the senate and the Roman People

2. ad lib [ad libitum] at discretion, as you want

3. A.D. [anno domini] our era

4. cf [confer] compare

5. circ [circa]

6. del. [delineavit] he drew

7. D.G. [Dei Dracia] by the grace of God

8. ditto [dictum] the same

9. D.V. [Deo Valento] God willing

10. e.g. [examplii gracia] for example

11. et.al.[ etalibi] and elsewhere

12. alibi [alius ibi] elsewhere, alibi

13. etc [et cetera] and other things

14. H.J. [hic jacet] here lies

15. R.I.P. [requiescat in pace] may he or she rest in peace

16. i.e. [id est] that is

17. id. [Idem] the same

18. inf. [infra] below

19 N.B. [nota bene]

20. Net [Ital. netto] free from deductions

21. non.seq. [non sequitur] it doe not follow

22. op.cit [opere citato] in the work cited

23. P.S. [post scriptum]

24. R.S.V.P. [repondez s’il vous plait] please reply

25. viz [videlicet: error Latin et resembled z] namely

26. h.a. [hoc anno] this year

27. v.s. [vide supra] see above

28. v.v. [vice versa]

O.E Texts

Old English

Mark. Chapter 2

1.And eft æfter dagum he eode into Cafarnaum, and hit wæs ge- hyred þæt he wæs on huse.

2.And manega togædere comon and he to heom spræc.

3.And hi comon anne laman to him berende, Þone feower men

bæron.

4.And þa hi ne mihton hine inbringan for þære manigu hi openodon þone hrof þar se hælend wæs; and hi þa in-asendan þæt bed þe se lama on læg.zhksr

5.Soðlice ða se hælend geseah heora geleafan, he cwæð to þam laman; Sunu, þe synt þine synna forgyfene.

6.þar wæron sume of ðam bocerum sittende, and on heora heortum þencende.

7.Hwi spycð þes þus, he dysegað; hwa mæg synna forgyfan buton god ana.

8.þa se hælend þæt on his gaste oncneow. Þæt hi swa betwux him þohton, he cwæð to him; hwi ðence ge þas ðing on eowrum heortan?

9.Hwæðer is eðre to secgenne to þam laman, þe synd ðine synna forgyfene, hwaðer þe cweðan; aris, nim ðin bed ond ga.

10.ðæt ge soðlice witon þæt mannes sunu hæfð anweald on eorðan synna to forgyfanne, he cwæð to þam laman.

11þe ic secge: aris, nim þin bed, and ga to þinum huse.

12.And he sona aras, and be-foran him eallum eode; swa þæt ealle wundredon and þus cwæden; næfre we ær þyllic ne gesawon.

13.Eft he ut eode to ðære sæ, and eall seo menigeo him to com and he hi lærde.

14.And þa he forð eode he ge-seah Leuin Alphei, sittende æt his cep-setle, and cwæð to him: folga me, þa aras he and folgode him.

Modern English. Mark. Chapter 2

1.And again he entered into Capernaum after some days; and it was noised that he was in the house.

2.And straightway many were gathered together, insomuch that there was no room to receive them, no, not so much as about the door: and he preached the word unto them.

3.And they come unto him, bringing one sick of the palsy, which was borne of four.

4.And they could not come neigh unto him for the press, they uncovered he roof where he was: and when they had broken it up, they let down the bed wherein the sick of the palsy lay.

5.When Jesus saw their faith he said unto the sick of the palsy, Son, thy sins be forgiven thee.

6.But there were certain of the scribes sitting there, and reasoning in their hearts,

7.Why doth this man thus speak blasphemies? Who can forgive sins but God only?

8.And immediately when Jesus perceived in his spirit that they so reasoned within themselves, he said unto them. Why reason ye these things in your hearts?

9.Whether is it easier to say to the sick of the palsy, Thy sins be forgiven thee; or to say, Arise, and take up thy bed and walk?

10.But that ye may know that the Son of man hath the power on earth to forgive sins, (he says to the sick of the palsy,)

11.I say unto thee, Arise, and take up thy bed, and go thy way into thine house.

12. And immediately he arose, took up the bed, and went forth before them all; insomuch that they were all amazed, and glorified God, saying, We never saw it on this fashion.

13.And he went forth again by the sea side; and all the multitude resorted unto him, and he taught them.

14.And as he passed by, he saw Levi the son of Al-phaeus sitting at the receipt of custom, and said unto him, Follow me. And he arose and followed him.

MARK 10

17.And miððy fǽrende wǽs on woeg fore arn sum oðer cneuo beged fore hine bǽdd hine la larua god vel goda huǽd sceal ic doa ђoette lif ece ic onfoe? 18.se hǽlend uutedlice cuoeð to him huǽt mec ðu cuoðas god nǽnigmonn god buta ane god. 19.ða bebodo wast ðu ђoet ðu ne dernelice ђoet ðu ne of-slaǽ ђoet ðu ne forstele vel ne forðiofe ђoet ðu leas gecyðnise vel witnise ne coeða ђoet ðu facen ne gedoe ar-worðig fǽder ðin and moder. 20. And he onduearde cuoeð la larua ðas all ic geheald from gigoðe minum. 21. se hǽlend uutedlice miððy behaldend hine lufade hine and cuoeð him an ðe is forgeten geong sua huǽt ðu hǽbbe bebyg and sel ðorfendum and hǽfis vel ðu scealt habba ge-strion in heofne and cym soec vel fylg mec. 22.seðe miððy geunrodsad wǽs on word eade seofende wǽs forðon hǽfde vel hǽbbend aehto menig.

The Prologue

Whan that Aprille with his shoures sote

The droghte of Marche hath perced to the rote

And bathed every veyne in swich licour,

Of which vertu engendred is the flour;

Whan Zephirus eek with his swete breeth

Inspired hath in every holt and heeth

The tendre croppes, and the yonge sonne

Hath in the Ram his halfe cours y-ronne,

And smalle fowles maken melodye,

That slepen al the night with open ye, …

CLASSIFICATION OF GERMANIC LANGUAGES

North Germanic (Swedish, Norwegian,

Icelandic, Faroese

Danish, Gothlandic)

East Germanic

(Gothic)

West Germanic

High German Low German

(German) (English, Frisian,

Dutch, Flemish)

. .

3.5