Кожаева М.Г. Кожаева О.С. Грамматика английского языка в таблицах. М, Флинта, 2010

Perfect Progressive

Perfect

I should (would) have

been asked. Hewouldhavebeenasked­. We should (would) have

been asked. Youwouldhavebeenasked. They would have been

asked.

I should (would) not have

been asked.

Progressive

Simple

I should (would) be asked.

He would be asked. We should (would) be asked.

You would be asked. They would be asked.

I should (would) not be

asked.

FuturenTheIPast

By

With

Перед одушевленным предметом,

Указывается, какой предмет, ору-

а также после глаголов типа: dam­

дие,инструмент,использовандля

age,make,discover,writeит.д.

совершения действия

1. This building was designed by

1. He was shot with a revolver.

Rossi.

2. It was drawn with a stick.

­

2. He was brought up by his aunt.

3. The bag was cut with a razor.

3. The window was broken by this

4.The stone is very soft. It can be cut

stone.

withaknife.

4. The theatre was destroyed by fire.

Модальные глаголы в страдательном залоге

Table 3

can/could

@

may/might

be done

have been done

must/have to

should/would

needn’t

Утвердительная форма

Отрицательная форма

1.

Watch out! Stay cool! Hold your

Don’t lie to me! Don’t worry!

tongue! Shut up!

Don’t tell us stories!

Глагол do усиливает высказы-

вание:

Do sit down!

Do be honest!

2.

Let + инфинитив без частицы

Don’t let him do it. Let us not go

to

there.

Let him do it.

Let us listen to the opera.

Let them tell the truth.

Let’s go together to the museum.

Don’t let him do it.

Let us not go there.

3.

Will you, would you употреби-

В отрицательных предложе-

тельны после повелительного

ниях возможно только will you

предложения

Don’ be late, will you?

Pay attention, will (would) you?

Don’t enter without me, will you?

Be careful, will (would) you?

Don’t take my pencil, will you?

Придаточное предложение

Главное предложение

I тип

I тип

If nobody paid the bill,

the electricity will be cut off.

II тип

II тип

If he had money,

he would not ask for it.

III тип

III тип

If he had won the lottery,

he would have bought her a gift.

— I were/was beautiful.

Как бы мне хотелось быть красивой.

— we knew Sara’s address.

Present

Как жаль, что мы не знали адреса Сары.

— it wasn't raining.

Жаль, что идет дождь.

— you didn't work so much.

I wish

Я бы не хотел, чтобы вы там много работали.

(wished)

— I had brought my camera.

Жаль, что я не взял с собой фотоаппарат.

Past

— the hotel had been better.

Жаль только, что гостиница была такой пло-

хой.

— they could come to see us tomorrow.

Future

Как жаль, что они не смогут зайти к нам зав-

тра.

I wish

— someone would answer that telephone! Да сни-

annoyance,­Complaint,

,жалобы(request­разпросьбы,дражение)

(wished)

мите же кто-нибудь трубку!

— the music would stop! Когда же прекратится

эта музыка!

—youwouldgivehermymessage.Heмоглибывы

передать ей мое сообщение.

Действительный залог

Страдательный залог

Simple*

writing

being written

Perfect**

having written

having been written

Употребление герундия

Table 2

1. После глаголов с предлогами:

accuse of

1. They succeed in finding a good

apologize for

flat.

approve of

2. Thank you for coming.

blame smb. for

3. I insisted on his coming with us.

congratulate on

4. I apologize for being late.

count on

depend on

inform of

insist on

prevent from

stop from

succeed in

thank for

think of

и т.д.

2.Послесуществительныхспред-

логами:

art of

1. There’s no chance of winning.

chance of

2. I have no experience in building

habit of

houses.

experience in

3. There are different ways of solv­

idea of

ing this problem.

interest in

way of

mistake of

plant for

preparation for

reason for

sense of

и т.д.

3. После фразовых глаголов:

burst out

1. He gave up smoking two years ago.

give up

2. She kept on interrupting me while

go on

I was speaking.

carry on

keep on

put off и т.д.

4. После следующих глаголов:

avoid

1.Myworkinvolvesfillingandtyping

consider

letters.

deny

2. He denied having seen this man

delay

before.

excuse

3. Would you mind closing the door?

fancy

finish

mind

forgive

include

postpone

recall

involve,

admit,

anticipate,

appreciate,

continue,

dicsuss,

enjoy,

escape,

(go) for activities,

imagine,

practise,

prevent,

quit,

recall,recollect,report,resent,resist,­

risk, save, stand, suggest, tolerate

и т.д.

5. После следующих словосоче-

таний:

to be afraid of

1. There is no use crying over spilt

be angry for

milk.

be awake of

2. He didn't feel like going out.

fell like

3. He was surprised at having been

be surprised at

asked about it.

be no good

4. She was afraid of falling.

be no use

be sure of

be interested in

be sorry for

и т.д.

6. После предлогов:

after

1. They ran five miles without stopp­

before

ing.

besides

2. Before going to bed she locked the

instead of

door.

in spite of

3. John went to his office in spite of

on

being ill.

without

by

Действительный залог

Страдательный залог

Simple

to ask

to be asked

Continuous

to be asking

Perfect

to have asked

to have been asked

Perfect Progressive

to have been asking

1. Подлежащее

Tо walk in the garden was a pleasure.

Гулять в саду было приятно.

То skate is pleasant.

Кататься на коньках приятно.

2. Когда инфинитив имеет при

It was difficult to refuse his request.

себе пояснительные слова, он

Былотрудноотказатьвегопрось-

обычно стоит после сказуемого.

бе.

В этом случае перед сказуемым

стоит местоимение it

3. Именная часть составного

Our plan is to go to Italy for the

именного сказуемого

summer.

Наш план — поехать на лето в

Италию.

4. Часть составного глагольного

I hope to see him soon.

сказуемого

Я надеюсь его скоро увидеть.

5. В сочетании с прилагательным

I am happy to hear it.

и с глаголом-связкой

Я счастлив слышать это.

Не is ready to go there.

Он готов пойти туда.

6. Прямое дополнение

I told him to go there.

Я велел ему пойти туда.

Не asked me to wait a little.

Он попросил меня подождать не-

много.

7. Определение

We have no intention to order these

goods.

У нас не было намерения заказы-

вать те товары.

8. Обстоятельство

I remained there to see what would

happen.

Я остался там, чтобы посмотреть,

что произойдет.

Тоunderstandtheimportanceofthis

event, you should know all the facts.

Чтобы понять важность этого со-

бытия, вы должны знать все фак-

ты.

9. Для выражения следствия

I don’t know him well enough to ask

him for help.

Я знаю его недостаточно хорошо,

чтобы просить его о помощи.

Действительный залог

Страдательный залог

Simple Participle

asking

being asked

(Participle I)

Past Participle

—

asked

(Participle ID)

Perfect Participle

having asked

having been asked

Употребляется:

(While) traveling about

Путешествуя по стра-

1. как обстоятельство­

thecountry,hesawvery

не, он видел очень

(а) времени, (б) при-

many interesting things.

много интересного.

чины, (в) образа дей-

Hearing footsteps

he

Услышавшаги,онпо­

ствия или сопутствую-

rose and went to open

шел открыватьдверь.

щихобстоятельств­

the door.

Not knowing what the

Не зная, что с ней,

matter was, we couldn't

мы не могли ей по-

help her.

мочь.

He

stood

looking

Он стоял, задумчиво

thoughtfully­ out of the

глядя вокно.

window.

2. Как определение

I like films showing the

Ялюблюфильмы,по-

life of famous people.

казывающие

жизнь

знаменитых людей.

His

speech

exposing

Его речь, разоблачав-

the

war

made

a

шая войну, произве-

deep

impression

on

ла на всех

глубокое

everybody.

впечатление.

Употребляетсякакоб-

Havinglostthekey,they

Потеряв ключ, они не

стоятельство (а) при-

couldn't get in.

могли войти.

чины, (б) времени.

Having left school,

Окончив школу, он

ПричастиеIперфект-

he went to work in a

пошел работать на за-

ное не употребляется

factory.

вод.

как определение

Everybody knows the

Все знают имя чело-

name of the man who

века, сделавшего это

made that discovery.

открытие.

Употребляетсякакоп­

We were impressed by

События, описанные

ределение

the events described in

в статье, произвели

this article.

на нас большое впе-

чатление.

Can

Be able to

Table 1

>

>

Present

Past

Future

сan ]

сould ]

will be able to

am

was

is

+ able to...

+ able to

werе

are

Возможность: могу, умею, воз-

I can run very fast.

можно

We can speak French.

Can he do sums?

You can get there by bus.

Разрешение: можно

Youcancomehomeatanytime.

Can I have a cup of coffee?

Запрет: нельзя

You can't cross the street here.

Present

Past

Future

must have/has to... am/

had to... was/were to...

willhaveto

is/areto...

долг,обязательство

You must study hard.

приказ, настоятельный совет: дол-

I must buy some bread.

жен

You must go there at once.

запрет:нельзя,запрещено

You must see the doctor immediately.

You mustn't smoke here.

May

be allowed to

Table 3

Present

Past

Future

may, am, is, are allowed

might, was, were allow­­

willbeallowedto...

to...

ed to...

Разрешение:можно,разрешается

May I come? — Yes, you may (can*).

No, you may not (can't).

Строгоезапрещение:несмей

You may not leave the room until

I say so.

Возможность:(воз)можно

You may often see such faces in the

South of the country.

Table 4

>

>

>

Утвердительное

Вопросительное

Отрицательное

предложение

предложение

предложение

I

I

I

Не

should stay here

Should we

stay here?

He shouldn’tstayhere.

We

He

We

употребление

1. С простым инфинитивом, если

1. You should stop smoking.

речь идет о настоящем­

или буду-

2. He shouldn't drive so fast.

щемвремени(одействиивообще)

3. Do you think, I should apply for

the job?

2. С перфектным инфинитивом,

The party last night was great. You

еслиотноситсякпрошедшемувре-

should have come. Why didn't you?

мени и имеет оттенок сожаления,

упрека

Необходимость совершения дей-

Need I do it now? Need I go there at

ствия: нужно ли, есть ли необхо-

once?

димость

Отсутствие необходимости: не на-

You needn't hurry.

до, нет необходимости

You needn't change your suit.

Разрешение не делать что-либо:

You needn't copy your essay. You

можно не....

needn't go there today

Need I go there at once?

Yes, you must.

Да,обязательно.

No, you needn’t.

Нет, не нужно.

Must I go there at once?

Yes,youmust.

Да, должны.

No, you needn’t.

Нет, не должны.

Неmay/might

write (вообще)

можетбыть/возможно

be writing (сейчас)

have written (уже)

Можетбыть/возможно,онне...

Не may not...

b) должно быть, вероятно

Неmust

know (вообще)

должнобыть

be working (сейчас)

вероятно

have left (уже)

наверное

Сомнение, удивление:

а) не может быть, чтобы...

Не can't

behavelikethat(вестисебятак)

не может быть, чтобы он...

beworkingnow(работаетсейчас)

вряд ли он...

havesaidit(сказалэто)

Can/couldhe

like this place? (ему нравится?)

b) неужели,разве...

Can/couldhe

be sleeping now?

(неужели,разве...)

(он сейчас спит?)

have done?

(сделал это?)

Количественные

Порядковые

Количественные

Порядковые

1 one

1stfirst

16 sixteen

16thsixteenth

2 two

2ndsecond

17 seventeen

17thseventeenth

3 three

3rdthird

18 eighteen

18theighteenth

4 four

4th four

19 nineteen

19thnineteenth

5 five

5thfifth

20 twenty

20thtwentieth

6 six

6thsixth

21 twenty-one*

21st twenty-first

7 seven

7thseventh

22 twenty-two

22nd twenty-

8 eight

8theighth

30 thirty

second

9 nine

9thninth

40 forty

30ththirtieth

10 ten

10thtenth

50 fifty

40thfortieth

11 eleven

llth eleventh

60 sixty

50thfiftieth

12 twelve

12thtwelfth

70 seventy

60thsixtieth

13 thirteen

13ththirteenth

80 eighty

70thseventieth

14 fourteen

14thfourteenth

90 ninety

80theightieth

15 fifteen

15thfifteenth

100 a hundred

90thninetieth

1000 a thousand

100thhundredth

1,000,000 a mil­

1000th

lion­

thousandth

1,000,000,000

1,000,000th

a billion

millionth

1,000,000,000th

billionth

Large numbers

Большие числа

Table 2

100

a (one) hundred

101

a (one) hundred and one

200

two hundred

300

three hundred

1,000

a (one) thousand

1,001

a (one) thousand and one

1,100

eleven hundred; one thousand one hundred

1,247

a (one) thousand two hundred and forty seven

2,000

two thousand

2,350

thousand three hundred and fifty

100,000

a (one) hundred thousand

1,000,000

a (one) million

1,225,375

a (one) million two hundred and twenty five

1,000,000,000

thousand three hundred and seventy five

a (one) milliard (UK); a (one) billion (US)

Простые дроби

1/2 a (one) half

1/5 a (one) fifth

1/3 a (one) third

2/5 two fifth

2/3 two thirds

1 l/2 one and a half

3/4 threequarters/three

21/3 two and a (one)

fourths

third

Десятичные дроби

0,1 nought point one/point one

0,25 nought point two five

0,01 nought point oh one

10.06 ten point oh six.

97

Years

Годы

Table 5

1066

ten sixty-six

1999

nineteen ninety-nine

1904

nineteen hundred and four

2000

two thousand

British English

16(th)September

The sixteenth of Sep­

16/9/98

tember­

September the sixteenth

American English

September16

Sixteenth September

9/16/98

September sixteenth

At

at the bus stop

Около (вблизи) чего-

at the table/door

либо

at the window

at

the

station/airport

В общественном ме-

at

school/college/the

сте или в учреждении

lesson

at home/work

at

the

cinema/

restaurant

at 5, Weton Road at

Давая адрес с но-

Mike's (house)

мером дома, дома у

кого-либо

In

in Spain/Asia

в стране,

in the North of Russia

регионе,

in

the

park/in the

местности

country

in London

В городе, деревне

in a village

in a little box/in the

Внутри чего-либо

house

On

On

the

sofa/grass/pa­

На поверхности чего-

ge 7

либо

On the top of the TV set

On the A 34 road

На поверхности чего-

On the North coast

либо в виде вытянутой

of the Volga

линии