Кожаева М.Г. Кожаева О.С. Грамматика английского языка в таблицах. М, Флинта, 2010

Some

somehow

Как-либо, как-

нибудь

somewhere

Где-нибудь, где-либо

something

Что-либо, что-нибудь

someone

Кто-нибудь

somebody

Некто, кто-нибудь

someday

Когда-то, когда-

нибудь

Any

a nyhow

Кое-как, как-нибудь

anywhere*

Где-нибудь, куда-

нибудь

anything

Что-нибудь

anyone

Кто-то

anybody

Кто-нибудь, всякий

No

nowhere

Нигде, никуда

nothing

Ничто, ничего

no one

Никто

nobody

Никого

Суффиксы

Префиксы

-able

manageable

un-

uncooked, unimaginable

-ful

boastful

in-

incapable, inhuman

-ic

energetic

il-

illegal, illegible

-ive

attractive

im-

immoral, impractical

-ant

hesitant

dis-

dishonest, disagreeable

-ible

permissible

ir-

irresponsible, irregular

-(i)an

victorian

-ish

foolish, reddish

-ly

friendly

-ous

humorous

Мнение/

Фактические характеристики

Сущест-

качество

витель­ -

ное

Раз­

Возраст

Форма

цвет

Проис-

Мате-

суще-

мер

хожде-

риал

стви-

ние

тельное

Anex­

old

round

white

Chinese

Hand

oak

table

pensive

made

Acheap

Положительная

Сравнительная

Превосходная

степень

степень

степень

Односложные,

hot

hotter

hottest

некоторые дву­

large

larger

largest

сложные, окан-

narrow

narrower

narrowest

чивающиеся на

simple

simpler

simplest

-у,-er,-ow,-1е

easy (adj.)

easier

easiest

soon(adv.)

sooner

soonest

Многосложные

beautiful (adj.)

more beautiful

most beautiful

correctly (adv.)

more correctly

most correctly

Смешанные

old (adj.)

older

oldest

случаи

elder

eldest

often (adj.)

oftener

oftenest

more often

most often

slowly

slower

slowest

more slowly

most slowly

quickly

quicker

quickest

more quickly

most quickly

«Неправиль-

well/good (adj.)

better

best

ные» случаи,

badly/bad

worse

worst

которые следу-

much

more

most

ет запомнить

little

less

least

far

farther

farthest

near

further

furthest

nearer

nearest

most

Имеет и другие зна-

This is a most interest­

чения:

ing film.

а)крайне/весьма,

Это весьма интерес-

может использовать-

ный фильм.

ся с артиклем a/an;

They are most inte­rest­­

б)большинство/

ing people.

большая2

часть

Они крайне интерес-

ные люди.

Most of my friends live

in Moscow.

Большинство

моих

друзей живет в Мо-

скве.

farther

Речь идет о расстоя-

You must go a little

farthest

нии: дальше, самый

farther.

дальний

Вы должны

пройти

немного дальше.

further

Выражает значение:

further information —

furthest

дальнейший,

после-

дополнительная ин-

дующий, добавочный

формация;

further discussion —

дальнейшее обсуж-

дение;

further details — до-

полнительные де-

тали

elder

Употребляется

для

My elder brother.

eldest

обозначения возраст­

Мой старший брат.

ных отношений в се-

мье

nearer

Ближе,

ближайший

Where is the nearest

nearest

(о расстоянии):

post office?

next — следующий (о

Где ближайшее по-

порядке следования)

чтовое отделение?

They live in the next

house.

Они живут в следую-

щем доме.

later

Позже,последний

I'll call you back later.

latest

(о времени):

Я позвоню вам позже.

last — последний (о

It is his last book.

порядке следования)

Этоегопоследняякни­

га.

меньше

less — сравнительная

I have less time than

степень от little (ма-

you.

ло);

У меня меньше време-

smaller — сравнитель­

ни,чемувас.

ная степень от small

My flat is smaller than

(маленький)

yours.

Моя квартира меньше

вашей.

больше

more —

сравнитель-

I have more time than

ная степень от much/

you. У меня больше

many (много);

времени, чем у вас.

bigger/larger — срав-

My flat is larger than

нительная степень от

yours. Моя квартира

big/large (большой)

больше вашей.

Правила правописания

Часть речи

Наречие

-lе

-lу

прилагательное:

-у

-ily

gentle

gently

-ic

-ically

easy

easily

-ue

-uly

automatic

automatically

-ll

-lly

true

truly

full

fully

Существительное

существительное:

+ ly

day

daily

part

partly

Порядковое числи-

Некоторыечисли­

тельное+ly

тельные­ :

first

firstly

second

secondly

Непроизводные наречия

Table 2

Простые

Сложные

Составные

long

anyhow

at once

enough

sometimes

at last

then

nowhere

so far

Прилагательное

Наречие без -lу

Наречие с -lу

Не is a hard worker.

Неworkshard.

I could hardly under­­

Он усердный работ-

Он работает усердно.

stand him.

ник.

Я едва мог понять его.

Не

returned

in

late

I went to bed late­

I haven't seen him la­

autumn.

yesterday­.

tely­.

Он возвратился позд-

Я лег спать поздно

Я не видел его в по-

ней осенью.

вчера.

следнеевремя.

Не is studying the his­

Не lives quite near.

It is nearly 5 o'clock.

tory of the Near East

Онживетсовсемблиз­

Почти5часов.

(Middle East).

ко.

Он

изучает

историю

БлижнегоВостока.

The house is very high.

Theplainflewveryhigh.

It is a highly developed

Домоченьвысокий.

Самолет летел очень

state.

высоко.

Это высокоразвитое

государство­ .

Classification of Adverbs

Классификация наречий

Table4

1. Наречия образа

Well(хорошо),badly(плохо),quickly(быстро),slowly

действия (adverbs

(медленно),easily(легко),quietly(спокойно),еtс.

of

manner)

как/

how?

2. Наречия

вре­

When (когда), now (сейчас), then (тогда, потом, за-

мени­ (adverbs of

тем), before (раньше, прежде), after (после, по-

time)­ когда/when?

том), afterwards (впоследствии), once (однажды),

just(толькочто,какраз),still(всееще,по-прежнему),

already/yet (уже), early (рано), long (долго, давно),

suddenly(вдруг),soon(вскоре),etc.

3. Наречия места

Here(здесь,сюда),there(там,туда),where(куда,где),

(adverbs

of

place

somewhere,anywhere(где-нибудь),faraway/faroff(да-

and

direction)

леко), near (близко), inside (внутри), outside (снару-

куда, где/where?

жи),above(выше,наверху),below(ниже,внизу),etc.

4. меры и степе­

Much (много), little (мало), very (очень), too*

ни (adverbs of de­

(слишком), so** (так), enough (достаточно), quite

gree, measure and

(совсем), not at all (совсем не), hardly/scarcely (ед-

quantity) сколько/

ва), nearly/almost (почти), etc.

how much?

5. Наречия, от-

Obviously/evidently (очевидно), probably (вероят-

носящиеся к на-

но), possibly (возможно), indeed (действительно),

речию

в

целом

certainly (конечно, несомненно), perhaps/may be

(viewpoint

ad-

(может быть), apparently (по-видимому), unfortu-

verbs)

nately (к несчастью), fortunately (к счастью), main-

ly/chiefly/mostly (главным образом), etc.

6. Наречия, слу-

Inaddition(ктомуже,вдополнение),again(опять,

жащиедлясоеди-

снова), apart from this, besides (кроме того), more-

нения предложе-

over (более того), equally (в равной степени), how-

ний (connecting

ever (однако, тем не менее), in reality (фактиче-

adverbs)

ски), essentially (существенным образом), in effect

(в действительности), etc.

Simple

Progressive

Perfect

Perfect

Progressive

(Continuous)

I work.

I am working­.

I have worked.

I have been

She/he works.

She/he is

She/he has

working.

We work.

working.

worked.

She/he has

Youwork.

We are working­.

We have

been working.

Theywork.

Youareworking.

worked.

We have been

They are

You have

working.

working.

worked.

You have been

They have

working.

worked.

They have been

working.

Present

Do I work?

Am I working?

Have I worked?

Have I been

Does he work?

Is he working?

Has he worked?

working?

Do we work?

Are they

Have they

Has he been

Do you work?

working?

worked?

working?

Do they work?

Have they been

working?

I do not work.

I am not

I have not

I have not been

He does not

working.

worked.

working.

work.

He is not

He has not

He has not

They do not

working.

worked.

been working.

work.

They are not

They have not

They have not

working.

worked.

been working.

I worked.

I was working.

I had worked.

I had been

She/heworked.

She/he was

She/he had

working.

We worked.

working.

worked.

She/he had

You worked.

We were

We had worked.

been working.

They worked.

working.

You had

We had been

You were

worked.

working.

working.

They had

You had been

They were

worked.

working.

working.

They had been

working.

Past

Did I work?

Was I working?

Had I worked?

Had I been

Did he work?

Was he working?

Had he

working?

Did they work?

Were they work­

worked?

Had he been

ing?

Had they

working?

worked?

Had they been

working?

I did not work.

I was not work­

I had not

I had not been

He did not

ing.

worked.

working.

work.

He was not

He had not

He had not

They did not

working.

worked.

been working.

work.

They were not

They had not

They had not

working.

worked.

been working.

I shall/will

I shall/will be

I shall/will have

I shall/will have

work.

working.

worked.

been working.

She/he will

She/he will be

She/he will

She/he will ha­

work.

working.

have worked.

ve been work­

We shall/will

We shall/will be

We shall/will

ing.

Future

work.

working.

have worked.

We shall/will

They will work.

working.

worked.

working.

You will work.

You will be

You will have

have been

They will be

They will have

You shall/

worked.

worked.

will have been

working.

They shall/

will have been

working.

Shall/will I

Shall/will I be

Shall/will I

Shall/will I

work?

working?

have worked?

have been

Will she/he

Will she/he be

Will she/he

working?

work?

working?

have worked?

Will she/he

Will you work?

Will you be

Will you have

have been

Will they work?

working?

worked?

working?

Will they be

Will they have

Will you have

working?

worked?

been working?

Will they have

been working?

Future

I shall not

I shall/will not

I shall/will not

I shall/will

work.

be working.

have worked.

not have been

She/he will not

She/he will not

She/he will not

working.

work.

be working.

have worked.

She/he will

We shall/will

We shall/will

We will not

not have been

not work.

not be working.

have worked.

working.

They will not

They will not be

They will not

We shall/will

work.

working.

have worked.

not have been

working.

They will not

have been

working.

I should/would

I should/would

I should/would

I should/would

work.

be working.

have worked.

have been

She/he would

She/he would

She/he would

working.

past

work.

be working.

have worked.

She/he would

We should/

We should/

We should/

have been

the

would work.

would working.

would have

working.

in

They would

They would be

worked.

We should/

Future

work.

working.

They would

would have

have worked.

been working.

They would

have been

working.

I should/would

I should/would

I should/

I should/would

not work.

not be working.

would not have

not have been

She/he would

She/he would

worked.

working.

past

not work.

not be working.

She/he would

She/he would

We should/

We should/

not have

not have been

the

would not

would not be

worked.

working.

in

work.

working.

We should/

We should/

Future

They would not

They would not

would not have

would not have

work.

be working.

worked.

been working.

They would not

They would

have worked.

not have been

working.

Таблица времен активного залога

Present

Past

Future

+

Мест./сущ. + см.

Мест./сущ. + см.

Мест./сущ. + will/

гл. + s (-es)/“0”

гл.(-ed) или 2-я

shall + см. гл. + “0

форма глагола

Simple

?

Do/does + мест./

Did + мест./сущ. +

Will/shall + мест./

сущ. + см. гл. +

см. гл. + “0”

сущ. + см. гл. +

“0”

“0”

-

Мест./сущ. + do/

Мест./сущ. + did +

Мест./сущ. + will/

does + not + см.

not + см. гл. + “0”

shall + см. гл. +

гл. + “0”

“0”

+

Мест./сущ. + am/

Мест./cущ. + was/

Мест./сущ. + will/

is/are + см. гл. +

were + см. гл. +

shall + be + см. гл.

(-ing)

(-ing)

+ (-ing)

Progressive

?

Am/is/are + мест./

Was/were + мест./

Will/shall + мест./

сущ. + см. гл. +

сущ. + см. гл. +

сущ. + be + см. гл.

(-ing)

(-ing)

+ (-ing)

-

Мест./сущ + am/

Мест./сущ. + was/

Мест./cущ. + will/

is/are + not + cм.

were + not + см. гл.

shall + not + be +

гл + “0”

+ (-ing)

см. гл. + (-ing)

+

Мест./сущ.+have/­

Мест./сущ. + had +

Мест./сущ. + will/

has + см. гл. +

см. гл. + (-ed) или

shall + have + см.

(-ed) или 3-я фор-

3-я форма глагола

гл. + (-ed) или 3-я

ма глагола

форма глагола

simple

?

Have/has + Мест./

Had + Мест./сущ.

Will/shall + Мест./

сущ. + см. гл. +

+ см. гл. + (-ed)

сущ. + have + см.

(-ed) или 3-я фор-

или 3-я форма гла-

гл. + (-ed) или 3-я

Perfect

ма глагола

гола

форма глагола

-

Мест./сущ. +

Мест./сущ. + had +

Мест./сущ. + will/

have/has + not +

not + см. гл. + (-ed)

shall + have + not

см. гл. + (-ed) или

или 3-я форма гла-

+ см. гл. + (-ed)

3-я форма глагола

гола

или 3-я форма

глагола

+

Мест./сущ. +

Мест./сущ. + had

Мест./сущ. + will/

have/has + been +

+ been + см. гл. +

shall + have + been

progressive

cм.гл. + (-ing)

(-ing)

+ см. гл. + (-ing)

?

Have/has + Мест./

Had + Мест./сущ.

Will/shall + Мест./

сущ. + been +

+ been + см. гл. +

сущ. + been + см.

cм.гл. + (-ing)

(-ing)

гл. + (-ing)

Perfect

-

Мест./сущ. +

Мест./сущ. + had +

Мест./сущ. + will/

have/has + not +

not + been + cм.гл.

shall + not + have

been + см. гл. +

+ (-ing)

+ been + см. гл. +

(-ing)

(-ing)

Present

Past

Future

Always, usually,

Last, ago, yesterday,

Tomorrow, the day

often, sometimes,

the day before

after tomorrow,

Simple

seldom, rarely, never,

yesterday, when (в во-

next, дата, one of

every, from time to

просительных пред-

these days, as soon as

time, occasionally,

ложениях), дата (in

possible, some day,

generally, as a rule

1921), the other day

in the near future, in

a few days

Present

Past

Future

Now, at the moment,

From, till, until, to,

From, till, until, to,

Progressive

at present, today, this

all, the whole, when,

the whole, soon, at

(month), in (через),

while (в утвердитель-

(с точным време-

constantly, always (в

ных предложениях,

нем at 10 o’clock),

предложениях, вы-

указатели прошед-

указатели будуще-

ражающих раздра-

шего времени, at (с

го, at this time …

жение)

точным временем)

(tomorrow)

Just, already, yet,

Before, after, by

By, by that time, by

simple

since, for, lately, this

then, by now

… , today, ever, never,

Perfect

so far

How long, for, for

How long, for, all day

By

ages, all day long, all,

long, all, the whole

Perfect progressive

the whole

Таблица характеристик действий времен активного залога

Present

Past

Future

1. Обычное, посто-

Кратковременное

Кратковременное

Simple

янное, регулярное,

действие в прошлом

действие в буду-

ствие в настоящем;

бо момент соверше-

повторяющееся дей-

с указанием дат (ли-

щем

2. Расписание

ния действия изве-

транспорта;

стен по контексту)

Present

Past

Future

3.

Непреложные ис-

Simple

тины;

5. Освещение спор-

4.

Законы природы;

тивных событий

1.

Действие, проис-

1. Длительное, за-

1. Длительное дей-

ходящее в данный

вершенное действие

ствие в будущем,

момент;

в прошлом, заняв-

которое займет

2.

Заранее заплани-

шее определенный

определенный от-

рованное действие в

отрезок времени;

резок времени;

будущем;

2. Длительное дей-

2. Длительное

3.

Действие в бли-

ствие в прошлом,

действие, которое

жайшем будущем;

которое предшест­

будет происходить

4. Present around

вовало другому

в точное время в

Progressive

now. Действие в на-

кратковременному

будущем

шлом и будет про-

Simple);

стоящем, но которое

действию в про-

происходило в про-

шлом (The Past

исходить какое-то

3. Действие, которое

время в будущем;

происходило в опре-

5.

Непрерывный

деленное (точное)

процесс изменения;

время в прошлом

6.

Повторяющееся

действие в настоя-

щем, которое вызы-

вает отрицательные

эмоции

1. Действие, которое

1. Кратковременное

Действие в бу-

началось в прошлом,

действие в прошлом,

дущем, которое

но еще не закончи-

которое предшест­

закончится, свер-

simple

лось или закончи-

вовало другому

шится к опреде-

лось только что;

действию в прошлом

ленному моменту

Perfect

2.

Факт в прошлом;

(The Past Simple);

будущего

3.

Действие в про-

2. Служит для пере-

шлом, которое

хода из прямой речи

имеет результат в

в косвенную в про-

настоящем

шедшем времени

(The Past Simple)

Present

Past

Future

1. Длительное дей-

1. Используется

Длительное дей-

ствие в прошлом,

для выражения

ствие в будущем,

которое еще не за-

действия, которое

которое закончит-

вершилось, либо

началось до опреде-

ся, завершится к

завершилось только

ленного момента в

определенному мо-

progressive

что;

прошлом и все еще

менту в будущем

2. Длительное дей-

продолжается в дан-

ствие в прошлом,

ный момент;

которое имеет оче-

2. Используется

Perfect

видный значимый

для выражения

результат в настоя-

действия, которое

щем

началось до опреде-

ленного момента в

прошлом, только

что закончилось и

результат этого дей-

ствия очевиден

The Present Simple (Indefinite) Tense

Table 2

Утвердительная форма

Отрицательная форма

Вопросительная форма

I work

I do not work

Do I work?

He works

He does not work

Does he work?

She works

She does not work

Does she work?

It works

It does not work

Does it work?

We work

We do not work

Do we work?

You work

You do not work

Do you work?

They work

They do not work

Do they work?

1.

Постоянное

со-

Mr. Dale is a business­

Слова-маркеры*: al­

стояние

man.

ways,

usually,

some­

Не lives in London.

times,

never,

seldom,

every

day/month/week,

on Mondays,­ Tuesdays,

in the morning/evening/

after­noon­и т. д.

2. Повторяющиеся и

He usually starts work

повседневные

дей-

at 9 p.m.

ствия. Часто с наре-

He often stays in the

чиями: always,

never,

office until late in the

usually и т.д.

evening.

3. Непреложные исти-

The moon moves round

ныизаконыприроды

theEarth.

4. Действия, проис-

The bus leaves in ten

ходящие по програм-

minutes.

меилипорасписанию

The plane to Moscow

(движение

поездов,

takes off at 7p.m.

автобусов и т.д.)

5.

Спортивный ком-

Hill kicks the ball and

ментарий,

рецензия,

рasses it to Dawson.

рассказ (повествова-

She acts in the movie so

ние)

perfectly, the prince tells

her...

Утвердительная форма

Отрицательная форма

Вопросительная форма

I am working.

I am not working.

Am I working?

Не is working.

He is not working.

Is he working?

She is working.

She is not working.

Is she working?

Утвердительная форма

Отрицательная форма

Вопросительная форма

It is working.

It is not working.

Is it working?

We are working.

We are not working.

Are we working?

You are working.

You are not working.

Are you working?

They are working.

They are not working.

Are they working?

I'm working

She's working

She isn't working

We're working

We aren't working

Характеристика действия

1. Действие, происхо-

Не is reading a book

С л о в а - м а р к е р ы :

дящеевмоментречи

right now.

now,

at the

moment,

these

days, at

present,

2.

Временные

дей-

Ann wants to work in

always, tonight, today,

ствия,

происходящие

Italy, so she is learning

nowаdays, still и т.д.

в

настоящий период

Italian.

времени, но не обяза-

тельновмоментречи

3. Действия, проис-

You are always forgett­­

ходящие

слишком

ing to pay the bills!

часто и по поводу ко-

торых

высказывает-

ся

раздражение

или

критика, обычно упо-

требляются со словом

always

4.

Действия, заранее

He is flying to Rome in

запланированные­

на

an hour.

будущее

1.

Глаголы, выража-

to like, to dislike, to hate, to love, to prefer, to

ющие эмоциональ-

want, to wish, to look (выглядеть), to appreciate,

ное состояние

to forgive и to adore т.д.

2.

Глаголы, выра-

to seem, to know, to mind, to understand, to

жающие мыслитель-

believe, to forget, to remember, to memorise,

ную деятельность

to mean, to doubt, to recognise, to think, to

suppose, to realise, to care и т.д.

3.

Глаголы пяти

to see, to smell, to taste, to hear, to touch и т.д.

чувств

4. Глаголы обладания

to possess, to own, to belong, to have, to owe и т.д.

5.

Другие глаголы

to consist (of), to cost, to contain, to depend (on)

и т.д.

Утвердительная форма

Отрицательная форма

Вопросительная форма

I have worked.

I have not worked.

Have I worked?

He has worked.

He has not worked.

Has he worked?

She has worked.

She has not worked.

Has she worked?

It has worked.

It has not worked.

Has it worked?

We have worked.

We have not worked.

Have we worked?

You have worked.

You have not worked.

Have you worked?

They have worked.

They have not worked.

Have they worked?

I've worked.

He's worked.

I haven't worked.

He hasn't worked.

Характеристика действия

1. Действия, которые

Не has read “War and

Слова-маркеры: for,

произошли в прош­

peace”.

since,­ already, just, ever,

лом в неопределен-

She has bought a new

never, lately, so far, how

ное время. Конкрет-

mobile phone.

long, yet, this morning/

ное время­ действия не

evening/afternoonит.д.

важно, важен резуль-

тат.

2. Действия, которые

They have known each

начались­

в прошлом и

other since childhood.

все еще продолжаются

внастоящем

3. Действия, которые

Ihavecutmyfinger.Itis

завершились совсем

bleeding.

недавно и их резуль-

таты все еще ощуща-

ются в настоящем