Кожаева М.Г. Кожаева О.С. Грамматика английского языка в таблицах. М, Флинта, 2010

4. Со словами today,

He has written two let­

this morning/evenmg/

ters this morning.

week/month,

когда

обозначение или вре-

мя в момент речи еще

не истекло

The Present Perfect Progressive (Continuous)

Table 5

Утвердительная форма

Отрицательная форма

Вопросительная форма

I have been working.

I have not been working.

Have I been working?

Не has been working.

He has not been

Has he been working?

working.

She has been working.

She has not been

Has she been working?

working.

It has been working.

It has not been working.

Has it been working?

We have been working.

We have not been

Have we been working?

working.

You have been working.

You have not been

Have you been work­

working.

ing?

They have been work-

Theyhavenotbeen

Have they been

ing.

working.

working?

Характеристика действия

1. Действия, которые

They have been paint­

Слова-маркеры: for,

начались в прошлом

ing the house for three

since,howlong(ввопро-

и продолжаются в на-

days. Fiona has been

сах),alleveningит.д.

стоящее время. Ак-

picking vegetables for

цент делается на про-

two hours, morning/

должительность

дей-

afternoon.

ствия во времени

2. Действия,

которые

They are tired.

завершились

недавно

They have been paint­

и их результаты замет-

ing the garage door all

ны (очевидны) сейчас.

morning.

Акцент на продолжи-

тельность действия во

времени

Утвердительная форма

Отрицательная форма

Вопросительная форма

I worked, read, went.

I did not work, read, go.

Did I work, read, go?

He/she/it worked, read,

He/she/it didn't

work,

Did

he/she/it

work,

went.

read, go.

read, go?

We/you/they

worked,

We/you/they did not

Did we/you/they work,

read, went.

work, read, go.

read, go?

Характеристика действия

1. Действия,

которые

They graduated

from

Слова-маркеры: last

произошли­

впрошлом

theuniversitythreeyears

night/week/month/ year,

в определенное­

ука-

ago.

two

days/weeks

months

занное время, то есть

ago,then,in1970и т.д.

известно,

когда

эти

действияпроизошли

2. Повторяющиеся в

He often played football

прошлом­

действия,

withhisdadwhenhewas

которые более не про-

alive.

исходят. В этом случае

могут использоваться­

наречия частоты (al­

ways, often,

usually и

т.д.)

3. Действия, следовав-

They cooked the meal

шие непосредственно

first.Then they ate with

одно за другим в про-

their friends.

шлом (цепочка по-

следовательных дей-

ствий)

4. Речь идет о людях,

MarilynMonroestarred

которых уже нет в жи-

inanumberofsuccessful

вых

movies.

The Past Progressive (Continuous) Tense

Table 7

Утвердительная форма

Отрицательная форма

Вопросительная форма

I was working.

I was not working.

Was I working?

He/she/it was working.

He/she/itwasnotwork­­

Was he/she/it working?

ing.

We/you/theywerework­

We/you/they were not

Werewe/you/theywork­

ing?

working

ing?

ствие,продолжавшее­

five o'clock yesterday.

while, when, as, all day/

ся в прошлом в мо-

night/morningит.д.

мент, о котором го­­

ворится.

Неизвестно,

когда началось и ког-

да закончилось

это

действие

2.Временноедействие,

Не

was

reading

a

продолжавшееся

в

newspaper

when

his

прошлом

в момент,

wife came.

когда произошло дру-

гое действие. Для вы-

ражения второго дей-

ствия употребляется

PastIndefinite

З. Два и более времен-

The people were watch­

ных действия, одно-

ing

while

the cowboy

временно продолжав-

was riding the bull.

шиесявпрошлом­

The Past Perfect Tense

Table 8

Утвердительная форма

Отрицательная форма

Вопросительная форма

I had worked, spent.

I had not worked, spent.

Had I worked, spent?

He/she/it had worked,

He/she/ithadnotwork­

Had he/she/it worked,

spent.

ed, spent.

spent?

We/you/they

had

We/you/they had

not

Had we/you/they work­

worked, spent.

worked, spent.

ed, spent?

1. Для того, чтобы

They had done

their

Слова-маркеры:

показать,

что

одно

homework

before

before, after, already,

действие

произошло

they went out to play

just, till/until, by, by the

раньше

другого в

yesterday afternoon.

timeи т.д.

прошлом.

При

этом

то действие,

которое

произошло

раньше,

выражается Past

Per-

fect,

a

случившееся

позже Past Indefinite

2. Для выражения дей-

She had watered all the

ствий, которые прои-

flowers by seven o'clock

зошли до

указанного

in the evening.

моментавпрошлом

З.

Как

эквивалент

Jill wasn't at home. She

Present Perfect в про-

had gone out.

шлом. То есть Past

Jillisn'tathome.Shehas

Perfect

употребляется

gone out.

для

выражения

дей-

ствия, которое нача-

лось

и

закончилось

в прошлом, а Present

Perfect — для дей-

ствия, которое нача-

лосьвпрошломипро-

должается(илитолько

что закончилось) в на-

стоящем

Утвердительная форма

Отрицательная форма

Вопросительная форма

I had been working.

I had not been working.

Had I been working?

He/she/it

had

been

He/she/it had not been

Had he/she/it been

working.

working.

working?

We/you/they had been

We/you/they had not

Had we/you/they been

working.

been working.

working?

I'd been working.

I hadn't been working.

Характеристика действия

1. Эквивалент Present­

Не had been waiting

Perfect

Progressive в

for a bus for 10 minutes

прошлом.

Подчер-

before it came.

кивает

длительность

действия, которое на-

чалось и закончилось

впрошлом

2. Употребляется для

She was tired. She had

того, чтобы показать,

been working hard all

что результат

про-

day yesterday.

должавшегося в про-

шлом

действия

был

заметен (очевиден) в

течение

некоторого

времени в прошлом

Утвердительная форма

Отрицательная форма

Вопросительная форма

I will phone.

I will not phone.

Will I phone?

He/she/it will phone.

He/she/it will not pho­

Will he/she/it phone?

ne.

We/you/they

will pho­

We/you/they will not

Will we/you/they pho­

ne.

phone.

ne?

I,we—shall

Характеристика действия

1.

Для обозначения

We will visit Disney

Слова - маркеры :

будущих

действий,

World oneday.

tomorrow, the day after

которые, возможно,

tomorrow, next week/

произойдут, авозмож-

month,tonight,soon,ina

но,инет

week/month/yearи т.д.

2.Длявыраженияобе-

I'll take this jacket.

щаний и

решений,

Since it is your birthday,

принятых в

момент

I will pay for lunch.

речи (on-the-spot de-

cisions)

3.

Для

выражения

Stop or I will shoot!

угроз и предупрежде-

ний.

4.

Для

выражения

Annwillbefiveyearsold

действий,

событий,

next month.

ситуаций,

которые

определенно

прои-

зойдут в будущем, и

которые нельзя кон-

тролировать

Утвердительная форма

Отрицательная форма

Вопросительная форма

I am going to leave.

I am not going to leave.

Am I going to leave?

He/she/it is

going

to

He/she/it is not going

Is he/she/it going

to

leave.

to leave.

leave?

We/you/they are going

We/you/they

are

not

Are we/you/they going

to leave.

going to leave.

to leave?

Употребление

1. Выражение заранее принятых

Не is

going to

drive to London

планов, решений, намерений на

tomorrow afternoon.

будущее

2. Предсказания, когда уже есть

Look at that tree! It is going to fall

доказательства того, что они сбу-

down.

дутся в близкомбудущем

Lookatthatlady!Sheisgoingtofaint.

The Future Progressive (Continuous) Tense

Table 12

Утвердительная форма

Отрицательная форма

Вопросительная форма

I will be working.

I will not be working.

Will I be working?

He/she/it will be work-

He/she/it

will not

be

Will

he/she/it

be

ing.

working.

working?

We/you/they

will

be

We/you/they

will

not

Will

we/you/they

be

working.

be working.

working?

I,we—shall

1.Длявыражениядействия,кото-

This time next year I will be living in

рое будет продолжаться в опреде-

Brazil.

ленный момент в будущем

2. Для выражения действия, ко-

— Shall I inform the rest of the

торое обязательно

произойдет

team?

в будущем, являясь результатом

— No, you needn't . I will be seeing

некоего распорядка или догово-

them at the meeting anyway.

ренности

3. Когда мы вежливо интересуем-

— Will you be going out later?

ся чьими-то планами на ближай-

— Yes. Why?

шее будущее, имея в виду попро-

— Could you buy me a pizza, please.

сить собеседника о чем-либо

The Future Perfect Tense

Table 13

Утвердительная форма

Отрицательная форма

Вопросительная форма

I will have done.

I will not have done.

Will I have done?

He/she/it

will

have

He/she/it will not have

Will he/she/it have do­

done.

done.

ne?

We/you/they will

have

We/you/they will not

Will we/you/they have

done.

have done.

done?­

I,we—shall

Характеристика действия

1. Для

выражения

By the time we get to

Слова-маркеры: by

действия­

, которое за-

the cinema the film will

the time, until, before и

вершится до опреде-

have already started.

т.д.

ленного

момента в

They will

have finish­­­

будущем

ed their meeting by 4

o'clock this afternoon.

Утвердительная форма

Отрицательная форма

Вопросительная форма

I will have been work­

I will not have been

Will I have been work­

ing.

working.

ing?

He/she/it

will have

He/she/it will not been

Willhe/she/ithavebeen

been working.

working.

working?

We/you/they will have

We/you/they will

not

Will we/you/they have

been working.

been working.

been working?

I,we—shall

Характеристика действия

1.

Для

выражения

1. By the time she

Слова-маркеры: by...

действия,

которое

finishes work, we

will

for

будет продолжаться

have been waiting

for

(или завершится) до

more than an hour.

(в)

определенного

2. By the end of next

момента в будущем.

month, she will have

Акцент на продолжи-

been traveling for four

тельность

действия

years.

во времени

То be

Present

Past

Future

Утвердительная

1. «быть», «яв-

I am

I was

I shall/will be

ляться», «на-

He/she/it is

He/she/it was

He/she/it

will

ходиться»

be

2.вспомо­ га­ ­

We are

We were

We shall/will be

тельныйглагол

You are

You were

You will be

They are

They were

They will be

Вопросительная

Am I?

Was I?

Shall/will I be?

Are you?

Were you?

Will you be?

Is he/she/it?

Was he/she/it?

Will

he/she/it

be?

Are we?

Were we?

Shall/will

we

be?

Are they?

Were they?

Will they be?

I am

not

(I'm

I

was

not

I

shall/will

not)

(wasn't)

not be (shan't,

won't)

Отрицательная

He is not (isn't)

He was not

He will not be

She is not (isn't)

She was not

She will not be

It is not (isn't)

It was not

It will not be

We

are

not

We were not

We

shall/will

(aren't)

(weren't)

not be

You

are

not

You were not

You will not be

(aren't)

(weren't)

They

are

not

They were not

They

will

not

(aren't)

(weren't)

be

To have

Present

Past

Future

1. «иметь»

I have

I had

I shall/will have

Утвердительная

2. вспомога-

He has

He had

He will have

тельный гла-

She has

She had

She will have

гол

It has

It had

It will have

We have

We had

We

shall/will

have

You have

You had

You will have

They have

They had

They will have

I have

not

I

had not

I shall not have

(haven't)

(hadn't)

(shan't)

He

has

not

He had not

He

will

not

Отрицательная

(hasn't)

have

have

She has not

She had not

She

will

not

have

It has not

It had not

It will not have

We have not

We had not

We

shall

not

You have not

You had not

You

will

not

They have not

They had not

have (won't)

They

will

not

have

Do I have?

Did I have?

Shall/will

I

Вопросительная

have?

Do you have?

Did you have?

Will you have?

Does

he/she/it

Did

he/she/it

Will

he/she/it

have?

have?

have?

Do we/you/they

Did

they/you/

Shall/will

we

have?

we have?

have?

Will

you /they

have?

обстоятельство места

There is/are + подлежащее +

обстоятельство времени

Russian

English

В этой комнате есть (имеется)

There is a telephone in this room.

телефон.

В саду (имеется) много яблонь.

There are many apple-trees in the

garden.

Вчера в институте было собра-

There was a meeting at the Institute

ние.

yesterday.

— No, there is no telephone in my

room.

Was there a meeting in the square?

— No, there wasn't.

Will there be many people there?

— No, there won't.

— No, there won't be any people

there.

PresentSimpleI do...

PastSimpleI did...

PresentProgressiveHe is doing...

PastProgressiveHe was doing

PresentPerfectI have done...

PastPerfectI had done...

PastSimpleI did...

Past Perfect (или без изменения)

I had done/did...

PastProgressiveI was doing...

PastProgressiveI was doing...

PastPerfectIhaddone...

Past Perfect I had done...

will(future)

would

can

could

may

might

must

must/hadto

could have done

mighthavedone

безизменения

should have done

needn't have done

Time and place changes

Table 2

here

there

this

that

these

those

now

then/atthatmoment

today

thatday

yesterday

the day before, the previous day

ayearago

ayearbefore

lastnight

thepreviousnight

tonight

that night

Одновременное

Предшествующее

Будущее действие

действие

действие

I knew (that)

—

he lived

in

— he had already

— they

would

He said

London­. —

он

left

London. —

arrive

on

Mon­

живет в Лондо-

он уже уехал из

day.

—

они

не.

Лондона.

приедут в поне-

—

they

were

— it had

been

дельник.

waiting for us. —

raining as it was

— they would be

они ждут нас.

wet.

—

шел

working at 5. — в

— he had

been

дождь, так как

5 они будут ра-

living in London

на улице

было

ботать.

since 1990. — он

мокро.

— he would have

живет в Лондо-

— she had been

translated

the

не с 1990 года.

ill for 2 weeks. —

story by Monday.

— he had known

oна болела две

— он уже пере-

her for 2 years. —

недели.

ведет этот рас-

он знает ее два

сказ

к

поне-

года.

дельнику.

Прямаяречь

Косвеннаяречь

Jimmy said: ‘My brother is learning

Jimmy said that his brother was

to drive’.

learning­ to drive.

(The Present Progressive Tense)

(The Past Progressive Tense)

Nick said: ‘Sometimes I go home by

Nick said that sometimes he went

car’.

home­ by car.

(The Present Simple Tense)

(The Past Simple Tense)

The teacher told John: ‘You didn't

The teacher told John that he had

write test two’.

not written test 2.

(The Past Simple Tense)

(The Past Perfect Tense)

Bob said: ‘My father has just come

Bobsaidthathisfatherhadjustcome

from Moscow’.

from Moscow.

(The Present Perfect Tense)

(The Past Perfect Tense)

Прямая речь

Косвенная речь

The mother said to the lazy son:

The mother told the lazy son to wake

‘Wake up!’

up.

Father said to me: ‘Remember to

Father reminded me to post those

post these letters’.

letters.

IsaidtoNick:‘Shutthedoor,please’.

I asked Nick to shut the door.

Theteachersaidtothepupils:‘Don't

The teacher told the pupils not to

play with fire!’

play with fire.

Прямая речь

Косвенная речь

Ann's mother asked her: ‘Are you

Ann's mother asked her if she was

tired?’

tired.

He asked his friend: ‘Do you like

He asked his friend if (whether) he

the wine?’.

liked the wine.

I asked Frank, ‘Did you buy a new

I asked Frank if he had bought a new

car?’

car.

Ann's father asked her: ‘Have you

Ann's father asked her whether

finished the work?’

she had finished the work.

I asked my sister: ‘Will you go to

I asked my sister whether she would

Spain in summer?’

go to Spain in summer.

Прямая речь

Косвенная речь

Peter asked: ‘Who has taken my

Peter asked who had taken his book.

book?’

I asked the gardener, ‘What are you

I asked the gardener what he was

plantinghere this year?’

planting there that year.

Nina's sister asked her: ‘Who did you

Nina's sister asked her who she had

meet at the theatre?’

met at the theatre.

I asked my mother: ‘What did the

I asked my mother what the teacher

teacher say?’

had said.

He asked Rodger: ‘When will he co­

He asked Rodger when he would co­

me back?’

me back.

Ted asked Ron: ‘Where do your pa­

Ted asked Ron where his parents li­

rents live?’

ved.

The professor asked his student:

The professor asked his student

‘Why haven't you done home as­sign­

why he hadn't done his home

ment?’

assignment.