2. The ideal state of Plato

Plato pictured an ideal state, led by philosophers, contemplative clean and eternal ideas, which protect the soldiers and all the vital resources which are delivered free farmers and artisans.

The basic principle of the ideal polity Plato considers justice. This concept is full of Plato's economic, political and social content.

According to Plato, explaining, every citizen justice devotes special occupation and position. Reign of justice unites diverse and even disparate parts of the state into a harmonious whole.

The best state system must possess a number of characteristics of moral, economic and political organization, which in its coupling action provide a solution to the most important tasks. Such a state must have the power of self-organization and its means of protection sufficient to deter and counter hostile environment, and secondly, it should carry out a systematic and adequate supply of all members of society necessary for their material goods. Third, it must lead the spiritual activity and creativity. Perform all three of these objectives would be to exercise "good ideas" as the supreme idea of ​​ruling the world.

In Plato's utopian state of society necessary for jobs divided between the special bits of citizens, but generally form a harmonious combination.

The basis for the distribution of state citizens ranks Plato took the differences between groups of people according to their moral inclinations and properties. However, Plato considered these differences, by analogy with the division of productive labor. That division of labor, Plato sees the foundation of all contemporary social and political system.

Thus the basic idea of ​​Plato is the assertion that the needs of the citizens that make up the society are varied, but the ability of each person to the satisfaction of these needs are limited. "Each one of us for himself is not sufficient and has no need of many." It just shows the need for the emergence hostel or city: "When one of us takes the other, or for that or for other needs when, having no need of many things, we have a cohabitation of many partakers and assistants - then it cohabitation gets our name cities".

For Plato, it is characteristic that the value of the division of labor, he sees not from the standpoint of the worker, producing the product, but solely from the point of view of consumers belonging to the class of slaveholders. "An employee has to adapt itself to the cause, not the case for the employee."

The division of labor, Plato sees not only the basis of the disintegration of society into classes, but also the basic principle of the structure of the state.

The main task of Plato's treatise on the state - the problem of the good and perfect life of society as a whole and its members.

Most perfect blessing has four main virtues:

1. Wisdom.

2. Courage.

3. The restraining measure.

4. Justice.

By the wisdom of Plato understands the supreme knowledge, or the ability to give good advice when it comes to the state as a whole. Such knowledge - protective, and have knowledge of the rulers of this country. Wisdom - Valor is inherent in the very few - the philosophers - and it's not so much a specialty by the state leadership, as the contemplation of the eternal place beyond the heavens and perfect ideas - valor, fundamentally moral.

According to Plato, only when rulers-philosophers of the state will not know the present evil time reigning in it.

But to achieve the welfare of the rulers should not be imaginary, but true philosophers: Plato understands under them just "love to contemplate the truth."

Second valor - Courage. It is also characteristic of only a small number of persons, even in comparison to the wise of these individuals more.

In contrast to the wisdom and courage, valor third perfect state, or restraining measure, there is not the quality of a particular class, and valor, belonging to all the Member States. Where it is present, all members of the community recognize and observe the law in a perfect state, and it exists in government, restraining and moderating bad impulses. The restraining measure leads to a harmonious agreement of the best and worst sides.

Fourth courage - justice. Its presence, its triumph in the state and caused deterrent. It is in the power of justice, each class, each digit in the state and each individual receives for the performance and implementation of its own particular work to which his nature is the most capable.

The classical view of Plato, his social and political aristocracy, admired Egyptian-type society with its caste-bed, with his characteristic hard making a transition from one caste to another got an extremely vivid expression in the Platonic understanding of justice. In this concept for Plato is nothing egalitarian, smoothing or denying class distinctions. Least of all, Plato seeks to ensure that citizens pay, and classes of citizens the same rights. By all means, he wants to protect his ideal state from the mixing of classes, from the execution of a class of citizens duties and responsibilities of citizens of another class. He bluntly describes justice as a virtue, does not allow for such a mix. The smallest trouble, in his opinion, it would be a mixture or combination of different specialties within the class of productive workers: if, for example, a carpenter will do the work of a shoemaker and cobbler - the work of a carpenter or if any of them want to do something, and more. But it would be worse, simply disastrous for the country, if any craftsman or industrialist wanted to do military business, and a warrior, unable and unprepared, would encroach on the control function, or if anyone would want to simultaneously do all these things.

Even with the first three kinds of valor doing much and mutual exchange of occupations cause the greatest harm to the state and can therefore be called a crime. Conversely, doing his will, and justice will make the city fair.

From the study of negative types of states led Plato, though the main cause of damage to human societies and state systems in dominion of material interests and their influence on people's behavior.

Therefore, the organizers of the best of the state must not only take care of the organization of proper education is soldiers detained, but also to establish a procedure for the hostel, while the cat device housing and the right to property benefits might not be a hindrance for either high morality warriors nor perfect their performance of military service, nor for the proper attitude of the people of his class, and other classes of society.

According to Plato, the main feature of this order - depriving soldiers of ownership. All that they need, they must receive from the productive workers and, moreover, in the amount of not too small, not too big.

Power warriors occurs in common dining rooms. The entire schedule and scope of the life guards directed to guard them from the destructive influence of personal property in the first place from the corrupting influence of money.

For custody is only possible connection of men with a woman for the birth of children, for their family in fact impossible.

Once the baby is born, it is taken from the mother and transferred to the discretion of the rulers that the best of the newborn is directed to wet nurses, and worst condemned to death in a hidden place. Subsequently, the mother admitted to feeding babies, but they do not know at this time what the children born to them, and what - other women. All guards-men are considered the fathers of all children and all women - wives of common custody.

For Plato, the implementation of this postulate is to achieve the highest form of unity in the state.

The community of wives and children in the class of state guardians completing what was started community of goods, and therefore have to state the reason for his highest good

The generality of wealth, the absence of private property and makes it impossible for the emergence of property claims litigation and recrimination.

Lack of property discord within the warrior class will make it impossible for Plato no dissension within the lower class workers nor their revolt against both the upper classes.

At the end of his description of the planned state them the brightest colors, Plato depicts the blissful life of members of the society, especially the soldiers detained. Living their life more beautiful winners of Olympic competitions. The content that they receive as payment for their work on community protection, given to themselves and their children. They are honored with life, they are awarded the honorary burial after death.

In Plato's ideal state is not only reminiscent of slave workers, and members of the two upper classes do not know the full and true freedom. The subject of freedom and the highest perfection is in Plato not an individual, and not even a separate class, but only the whole society, the whole state as a whole. This state exists for its own sake, for the sake of external splendor, with regard to citizen, his appointment only to promote the beauty of its construction in the role of a service member. All are recognized as a universal people. Plato himself says about this naiyasneyshim way. "Legislator - he explains - is not concerned about how to make happy in the city especially one of some kind, but tries to arrange the happiness of the whole city, leading citizens in agreement with the conviction and the need ... and he delivers the city of people who do not letting them handle, where one wants, but placing them in relation to the connection of the city. "