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№1 Write the quiz questions in the Present Perfect

Have you ever…………?

• (pay) a friend to do your homework?

• (spend) the whole weekend in bed?

• (go) to the shops in your pyjamas?

• (fall) asleep in class?

• (leave) the washing-up for someone else to go?

• (do) your homework five minutes before the lesson?

• (eat) breakfast, lunch and supper in front of the TV?

« I am become Death, the destroyer of worlds» (p.123)

The first explosion of the atom bomb, on July 16, 1945, was summed up by Robert Oppenheimer with these words from a Hindu poem.

Peter Millar reports on the race led by Oppenheimer, the brilliant physicist, at Los Alamos, New Mexico, to create the weapon that would end the Second World War.

In the foothills of the New Mexican mountains, on a dusty desert plain known as the Jornada del Muerto – Dead Man’s Journey – camped the greatest collection of scientific brains on earth. They were men who would redefine the 20^th century: Robert Oppenheimer (American), Enrico Fermi (Italian), George Kistiakowski (Ukrainian), Otto Frisch (Austrian), General Leslie Groves (American), Edward Teller (Hungarian) and Klaus Fuchs (born in Germany, but a naturalized Briton).

Better than any men in the world, they should have known what to expect in those still minutes before dawn in the desert. But none of them knew for sure what would happen. The explosion at 05.29 on the morning of July 16, 1945, stunned its creators and changed the world: the atomic bomb worked.

There were several eye-witness accounts of that first atomic explosion. “It blasted; it pounced; it bored its way right through you. It was a vision which was seen with more than the eye. It seemed to last forever. You longed for it to stop. Altogether it lasted about two seconds. Finally it was over.” Another observer wrote: “It was like a ball of fire, too bright to look at directly. The whole surface of the ball was covered with a purple luminosity”. His report ends: “I am sure that all who witnessed this test went away with a profound feeling that they had seen one of the great events in history.”

Los Alamos today supports a community of just over 18,000 people. On first impressions it is like many other towns in the western America: full of low two-storey buildings, dusty, with rather dingy shopping malls, a couple of banks, filling stations, Mexican and Chinese fast-food joints, a motel, and a McDonald’s. But there are plenty of indications that this is no ordinary town. Big blue signs along State Highway 84 advise travelers that the road and land on either side belong to the US government. A notice declares that it is ‘forbidden to remove dirt’. At one point a high watchtower stands sentry behind a twenty-foot barbed-wire fence.

Before 1942, however, Los Alamos had no history because it didn’t exist. It was created for one purpose only, to house the technicians who would make the bomb before anyone else did. All mail was censored, and everyone was sworn to secrecy. The US government did not even trust its own protégés. Oppenheimer, who had mixed with left-wing groups in his youth, was tailed by FBI men. Einstein, who had written to President Roosevelt in 1939 urging him to develop the atomic bomb, was ruled out because of his outspoken pacifism and Zionism. Yet the real villain went undetected. Klaus Fuchs was revealed in 1950 as Stalin’s spy.

What is interesting is that the scientists were much more interested in sharing the bomb with the Russians than the politicians were. Some physicists dreamed of the bomb as an end to all wars, a possible means of establishing global government. As it progressed from a theoretical possibility to an experimental reality, concern grew among some of those involved about how it would be used. By early 1945, Germany, the original target, no longer needed an atomic explosion to force its surrender. Attention switched to Japan.

In 1943 Harold Argo was a graduate from Washington University when he was summoned to New Mexico. Now over 80, he describes his time at Los Alamos as ‘the most exciting two years of my life’. He dismisses those whose consciences troubled them. ‘I don’t understand all those skeptics who had second thoughts. I had two brothers out there in the Pacific. If Harry Truman hadn’t dropped the bomb, the war could have gone on forever.’

Carson Mark is more reflective. ‘At the time, we thought it would put an end to organized war, because no one can put up with destruction on that scale. But we didn’t know how imminent it was that the Japanese would have to call it quits. Why kill all those people if you don’t need to?’

In May 1945 nobody was sure just how devastating the bomb would be. There was general agreement that the simpler type of bomb would work, but the more complicated plutonium implosion device would need testing. Oppenheimer named the test Trinity, party because of the Christian concept of God the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit, but mainly because of the Hindu three-in-one godhead of Vishnu, Brahma, and Siva, the power of life, the creator, and destroyer.

The site selected was 33 miles from the nearest town. The VIP observation site was located 20 miles away. The scientists had a bet with each other to guess how many tones equivalent of TNT their bomb would produce. So imprecise was their knowledge that Oppenheimer conservatively suggested 300. Teller, wiser, speculated an incredible 45,000. Radiochemical analysis revealed the blast had equalled 18,600 tonnes of TNT, four times what most of those involved on the project had guessed.

Even as they were celebrating at Los Alamos, hours after the explosion, the warship Indianapolis sailed out of San Francisco harbour, carrying the atomic bomb nicknamed Little Boy on its fateful voyage to the island of Tinian in the Pacific. After unloading its deadly cargo, the ship sailed on towards the Philippines. On July 29 it was sunk by a Japanese submarine; of the 850 who survived the sinking, more than 500 were eaten alive by sharks.

On Tinian, group commander Paul Tibbets had his B-29 bomber repainted, and he gave it his mother’s name, Enola Gay. In Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the citizens slept.

Just three weeks after the test, the bomb was used for real. As the historian Richard Rhodes wrote in his book The Making of the Atomic Bomb, ‘Once Trinity proved that the atomic bomb worked, men discovered reasons to use it.’

№3 Answer the questions. A)

1. Did the scientists know exactly what would happen when the first bomb exploded? Did the expect it to be bigger or smaller?

2. How did they feel when it went off?

3. How did the eye-witnesses describe it?

4. What are the indications that Los Alamos is no ordinary town?

5. Why is not the town on the map before 1942?

6. Why did the scientists want to share their knowledge with the Russians?

Why do you think the politicians did not agree with them?

7. In what way do Harold Argo and Carson Mark have different opinions?

8. What do you know about the warship Indianapolis?

9. When and where was the first atomic bomb used in warfare?

10. How did the atomic bomb alter the course of history in the twentieth century?

11. Do you agree with the historian Richard Rhodes?

2. Whether this information is true or false (if false then give the true information)

1. The atomic bomb was first tested just before the Second World War.

2. The atomic bomb was developed by a team (synonym to the word team) of American scientists.

3. The first atomic explosion took place on an island in the Pacific.

4. US marines were deliberately exposed to radiation to monitor its effects.

5. It was hoped that the atomic bomb would end all wars.

6. Albert Einstein was involved in the creation of the bomb.

7. Atomic bombs were used against Japan just three weeks after the first test bomb.

8. Everyone agreed that it was right to use the weapons against Japan.

9. At the time German Scientists were close to developing the atomic bomb.

№4 translate the words and phrases

to report on –

The race –

Brilliant physicist –

In the foothills of the New Mexican mountains –

Dusty desert –

Known as –

The greatest collection of scientific brains on earth –

Redefine –

Naturalized Briton –

Dawn –

Stunned its creators – (Who or what stunned its creators?)

Eye-witness accounts – (read the sentence from the article where this phase was used)

It blasted; it pounced; it bored its way right through you. It was a vision which was seen with more than the eye.

Longed for it to stop -

Observer –

Surface –

Purple luminosity –

Profound feeling –

Dingy shopping malls –

Filling stations –

Joints –

Belong to the US government –

Remove –

Watchtower –

Barbed-wire fence –

Mail was censored -

Everyone was sworn to secrecy –

Was ruled out –

Villain –

Went undetected –

Was revealed –

To share the bomb with –

Physicist –

Theoretical possibility –

Involved – (create the sentence with this word)

Original target –

Surrender –

Switched to –

When he was summoned to New Mexico - (read this abstract and translate it again)

Exciting –

Dismiss –

Consciences –

To be more reflective –

devastating –

complicated –

destroyer –

imminent –

observation site –

So imprecise was their knowledge –

Conservatively –

To speculate –

Analysis revealed the blast had equaled –

To be involved on the project –

Fateful voyage –

Unload –

Repainted –

Survived the sinking –

№ 5 Who are those people? What does the text say about them?

1. A greatest collection of scientific brains –

2. None of them –

3. Its creators –

4. A community –

5. Travelers –

6. The technicians –

7. Its own protégés –

8. The real villain –

9. The original target –

10. All those skeptics –

11. God-

12. VIP –

13. Little Boy –

14. Enola Gay -

№ 6 Put the verbs in the Present Perfect

1. My brother has invented (invent) a new drink.

Do you want to try it?

2. I’m tired. I ________ (work) really hard this week.

3. My uncle __________ (move) to a new house. He lives in Bridge Avenue now.

4. Inga’s got an excellent holiday job. She ________ (earn) L300 this week.

5. Paul ________________ (travel) all over the world. He speaks lots of languages.

6. We _______________ (try) to help him but he does not want our help.

7. Katie is always busy now because she ____________ (start) her new course.

8. They ________________ (decide) to go and live in Australia.

9. I’m really angry because somebody ___________ (open) my letter from Josh.

10. We _____________ (look) this word up in the dictionary but we still don’t understand it.

№ 7 Match the words with their meaning.

Disk (CD), icon, mouse, modem, menu, desktop (рабочий стол), keyboard, key (кнопка, клавиша), cursor, printer

1) equipment for sending information from one computer to another

2) the picture, icons and words on a computer screen

3) the row at the top of a computer screen saying what you can do

4) a sign on a computer screen that you click on to make it do something

5) equipment with letters, numbers and signs you use to work a computer

6) the machine that puts words and pictures from your computer on paper

7) equipment you press with your finger to click on computer icons

8) the small arrow you move with the mouse on a computer screen

9) a round, flat piece of plastic for storing information from a computer

10) one part with a letter, number or sign on a keyboard

№ 8 Complete the sentences with the Present Perfect negative

1. I looked at the website last month but I haven’t looked at it this month.

2. Martin called me last week but he ____________ me this week.

3. They climbed three mountains last year but this year they _______ any.

4. Sara played tennis a lot last summer but this summer she _____________ it once.

5. You used the computer last term but you ____________ it this term.

6. They watched TV every day last week but this week they __________ it at all.

№ 9 Use the cues to write sentences with never and the Preset Perfect.

1. I never (use) a video camera.

I have never used a video camera.

2) Liz never (try) windsurfing.

___________________________

2. They never (walk) up this mountain.

_____________________________

3. Carly never (work) in a shop.

_____________________________

4. Steve never (play) chess in a tournament.

______________________________________

5. We never (travel) by boat.

__________________________________

6. I never (look) in my sister’s diary.

______________________________

№ 10 Put the verbs in brackets in the correct form of the Present Perfect

Serena: Welcome to Super Kids. Our reporter Alex Crosby is at the High Schools Sports Tournament in Los Angeles. Alex, which sports 1) have you watched (you/watch) so far?

Alex: 2) I ______________ (try) to see a bit of everything, Serena! And I have to say, I 3) ______________ (enjoy) every minute. Here are the latest results. Danville High School 4) ______________ (received) two gold medals for athletics. Carlton Hills High School 5) ___________ (finish) first in the 200 metres swimming. And finally, the big match between Askew High and Waterville High 6) ____________ (end) in a draw.

Serena: 7) _____________ (the high jump competition/start)?

Alex: Yes, it has. Oliver Nolan 8) ___________ (jump) three times but he 9) _______ (not/manage) to get a gold medal.

Serena: What 10) ___________ (happen) in the girls’ diving competition?

Alex: I’m not sure. I 11) _________ (not/study) the scores. I think Natasha Kirilova 12) ____________ (score) some very high marks. But Martina Travis 13) _______________ (not/start) yet.

№ 11 The computer words (in italics) are all in the wrong sentences. Cross them out and write them in the correct sentences.

1. I got a really interesting internet _________________ from my friend.

2. Click on the Internet icon with the keyboard _____________ .

3. Before you print anything check that the email ____________ is on.

4. You can get a lot of information from the mouth _____________ .

5. The first letter on the screen _____________ is Q and the last is M.

6. You can see a lot of icons on the printer________________.

№12 Correct the bold words/phrases.

1. A tornado is a type of snow.

2. A shower is a long period of rain.

3. Lightning makes a noise.

4. When it’s humid (влажность), the air is dry.

5. A gale is a type of rain.

6. A gale is more violent than a hurricane.

7. Fog makes it difficult to hear things.

8. A heat wave is a period of cool weather.

9. Floods happen where there is too little water.

№13 Choose the correct active or passive verb form.

1. The UK gets/is got some of its gas from the North Sea.

2. Several agreements have made/have been made to try and reduce greenhouse gases.

3. The full environmental effects won’t understand/be understood for many years.

4. Wear something warm – I heard the weather will change/ be changed later.

5. Thousands of people kill/are killed every year in storms and hurricanes.

6. Climate change is affecting/is being affected the weather all over the world.

7. It felt/was felt a lot chillier yesterday.

8. Many simple things can do/be done to prevent climate change.

№14 Spyware

Nobody likes a computer virus, but at least you can get rid of it. And there is a lot of anti-virus software these days. It can find a virus, fix it and you can forget about it. Unfortunately the same is not true for spyware.

1 What is spyware?

Spyware is software that hides somewhere on your computer. It collects information about what you do on the internet and passes this information to companies without your permission. If you shop on the Internet and use your credit card, you should know that some spyware can record this information!

2 ________________________________

Your computer can catch spyware in lots of ways. If you open the wrong email, or even visit the wrong website, spyware can download itself onto your computer. And spyware often comes with free software.

3 ____________________________________

Most spyware just collects information about your surfing habits for advertising reasons. But some spyware can be more powerful and will often make your computer slower. Adware is a type of spyware which is advertising software. It makes ‘pop-up’ advertisements appear while you are connected to the Internet. Not dangerous …… but very annoying.

4 __________________________________________

If this is the first time you’ve heard of spyware, you’ve probably got some on your PC. Surveys have found that 90% of computers have several pieces of spyware on them. And spyware will stray on your computer for a long time, quietly collecting information and sending it back to its authors.

5 _____________________________________________

There is some anti-spyware software that will remove most of your problems. However, some anti-spyware software is spyware itself, so be careful! For a complete list of software, go to spywarewarrior.com.

Read the article and write questions a)-e) in the correct places 1-5.

1. What is spyware?

2. How do I get rid of it?

3. What can it do?

4. How does it get on to my computer?

5. Is spyware a common problem?

№15 Read the article again and answer to these questions?

1. Why it can be difficult to find spyware?

Because it hides on your computer.

2. Why is spyware important if you buy things online?

3. Can you get spyware if you are not using the internet?

4. What kind of information can spyware collect?

5. Why does most spyware want this information?

6. How might you know your computer has spyware on it?

7. What percentage of computers are not infected with spyware?

8. What advice is given about removing spyware?

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