yastrebova-vladykina_uchebnik_2_kursa

6.Маловероятно, что Джордж разлюбит Адель.

7.Есть ли шансы, что ты закончишь писать курсовую к концу недели?

8.Он может согласиться на наше предложение?

9.Может быть, они устроят вечеринку по случаю приезда сына.

10.Очень похоже, что они скоро разведутся.

11.Могут ли цены начать снижаться в ближайшем будущем?

12.Это предложение наверняка не будет встречено с энтузиазмом.

13.Есть ли вероятность, что ты соберешь необходимую сумму?

Ex. 107. Translate into English paying attention to the meaning of the verb кажется.

1.Кажется, они были недовольны.

2.Кажется, он не закончит работу в срок.

3.Кажется, Джулия испытывает неловкость в его обществе.

4.Вы, кажется, не знаете этого правила.

5.Мы, кажется, знакомы с незапамятных времён. (since time immemorial).

6.Кажется, погода меняется к лучшему.

7.Кажется, погода изменится к лучшему.

8.Кажется, его выберут почётным президентом ассоциации.

9.Кажется, этот вопрос будет рассматриваться на следующей неделе.

10.Он, кажется, очень доволен своим помощником.

You can use the following common verbs in this pattern: acknowledge, allege, believe, consider, know, report, say, suppose, think, understand, be rumoured and some others.

e.g. He is considered to be an expert on computers.

They are thought to be hiding in the woods.

Da Vinci is said to have designed the first submarine.

Notes: The verb suppose can be used in this pattern.

e.g. Between twins there’s supposed to exist a special closeness. However, in the great majority of cases, this verb conveys the idea of duty.

e.g. You are supposed to be in class. (You ought to be in class / It’s your duty... / You’re expected...) You are not supposed to say things like that. I’m your mother.

Ex. 108. Translate the sentences into Russian.

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Ex. 109. Paraphrase the sentences using complex subject.

It is known that

1.England conquered and colonised Wales in the 1280s.

2.The Pilgrim fathers sailed to America on the Mayflower in 1620.

3.Queen Victoria mourned Prince Albert’s death for forty years.

4.In 1885, the German inventor Karl Benz produced the world’s first motor car.

5.Pierre de Coubertin, a French archaeologist, revived the Olympic Games.

6.John D. Rockefeller gave about $ 500 million of his own money for good causes. He established the Rockefeller Foundation (1913) and the University of Chicago (1892).

7.Field hockey was brought to the USA by an English teacher visiting Harvard in 1901.

8.Theodore Roosevelt was the first president to ride in an automobile. (August 22, 1902).

9.Fleming discovered penicillin in 1928. The discovery was made by accident.

10.In the famous London smog of 1952, about 4,000 people (mostly infants and the elderly) died in two weeks from chest diseases such as bronchitis and pneumonia).

11.Albert Einstein was offered presidency of the state of Israel in 1952. He did not accept it.

Many people think that

1.Loch Ness monster is a large animal like a dinosaur.

2.Some jungle crocodiles can bite half an hour or more after their death.

3.The Vikings came to America before Columbus.

4.Golf was invented in China.

5. West Side Story is the best musical work of Leonard Bernstein. 6. The Great Pyramid dates from around 2600 BC.

People consider(-ed) that

1.The Grand Canyon is one of the most spectacular sights in the USA. (generally)

2.The Empire State Building was the tallest building in the world for many years.

3.Villages are better places to live, as they are quieter and less polluted than towns.

4.The Forth Bridge is a fine example of 19th century engineering. (1889)

5.The cheetah is the fastest mammal in the world.

It is said that

1.Tropical rainforests are the home of several million tribal people.

2.Rainforests are disappearing at an alarming rate.

3.Rainforests act as the lungs and watersheds of the world.

4.A hardwood tree takes about 150 years to reach maturity.

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5. Fifty to seventy percent of all the earth’s animal, plant and bacteria species live in the tropical rainforests.

Ex. 110. Open the brackets using the correct form of the infinitive.

1.Sir Winston Churchill is considered (be) one of the legendary figures of the twentieth century.

2.The President is expected (accept) the invitation to visit the White House in June.

3.They are rumoured already (leave) the country when the scandal broke.

4.By the time Enrico Caruso had reached his mid-thirties, he was generally acknowledged (be) the most popular and highest-paid singer in the world.

5.She was alleged (be) able to add up pounds and dollars with the speed and accuracy of a computer.

6.Arnold was thought (board) the plane in New York.

7.London is said (have) a truly efficient drainage system as early as 1866.

8.India is known (become) independent in 1947.

9.An armed man is reported (hijack) a jet that was travelling to Paris.

10.The leaders are understood (reach) an agreement after a long debate.

11.In the last four years, Madonna is reported (earn) 57 million dollars.

Ex. 111. Paraphrase the sentences using complex subject.

1.It is known that the Romans brought the skills of reading and writing to Britain. It is supposed that Britain was more literate under the Romans than it was to be until the fifteenth century.

2.People generally think that the advent of the steam engine transformed life in Britain.

3.People thought that Princess Diana was very caring and represented the nineties values. The nineties became known as the “caring, sharing nineties”.

4.Historians generally acknowledge him as a genius in his field.

5.The general opinion is that the ugly face of racism is rearing its head again in Europe.

6.It was rumoured that Johnson had abandoned his wife to marry a woman twenty years his junior.

7.Journalists reported that seven people had been injured in the fire.

8.People acknowledge that Venice is one of the world’s most interesting cities.

9.It is known that Mark Twain was Theodore Roosevelt’s favourite writer.

10.Few people expect that she will be re-elected.

11.It is supposed that faithfulness is extremely important for a successful marriage.

12.Several papers carried the news that the Cabinet Minister had been accepting bribes.

Ex. 112. Fill in the gaps with the appropriate verbs.

1.Dublin, Ireland’s capital, ______ to have been founded by the Vikings.

2.The issue _______ to be discussed at the plenary session of the UN Security Council on Friday morning.

3.Products that are described as green _______ to cause less harm to the environment than other products.

4.The universe _______ to contain many other planets with some form of life.

5.Eating too much fat _______ to cause heart disease.

6.Einstein _______ to be one of the greatest scientists and one of the most intelligent people ever born.

7.The singer_______to be highly displeased by the remarks made in the paper.

Ex. 113. Translate into English using complex subject.

1.Известно, что институт брака появился много веков назад.

2.Считается, что в наши дни подростки быстрее достигают зрелости.

3.Сообщают, что ситуация в регионе быстро ухудшается.

4.Говорят, что она вышла замуж по расчету (ради денег).

5.Известно, что они были преданы друг другу всю жизнь.

6.Многие думают, что их отношения были испорчены ревностью.

7.Сообщают, что в данный момент 32% пар в Голландии живут вместе вне брака.

8.Его считали величайшим художником всех времён (of all time).

9.Известно, что Маргарет Тэтчер называли «железной леди».

10.Пушкин считается общепризнанным гением.

11.Предполагалось, что в учебнике будут содержаться сведения по широкому кругу вопросов.

12.Ожидали, что в ближайшем будущем пройдут демократические выборы.

13.Поговаривают, что он миллионер.

14.Утверждали, что он якобы отказался от вознаграждения.

GRAMMAR REVISION

Ex. 114. Open the brackets using the correct form of the infinitive.

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A.

At that moment Gill happened (talk) to some Chelsey-type lady, but when she saw me she broke off what she was saying at once and said “Sarah, how super to see you.”

“How super to see you,” I said, happily: we stood gaping and grinning at each other, trying to think of some way (get) going together again. Gill was the first (think) of anything to say.

“ Wasn’t the wedding nice? And wasn’t Louise charming?” “It was so nice of her (smile) at us on the way out.”

“Brides should always (be) beautiful, if they insist on a church wedding. For the sake of the guests. I must say that old Louise certainly seems (do) her stuff now.”

“I’d much rather (get) married in a registry office. Wouldn’t you? Or rather didn’t you?” “Yes, we did”, said Gill, curtly. “Yes, of course we did.”

Not being stupid, I quickly noticed that something was amiss, and said, “Why, what’s the matter, is something the matter with Tony? He is here all right, isn’t he?'

“Oh, yes, he is somewhere around here. I happened (notice) him when I came, and he appeared (enjoy) himself.” “What do you mean?”

“Oh, didn’t you know?” she said, coldly but appealingly.”We have separated.”

“How awful,” I said, glad at least I knew her well enough (ask) her what had happened. “How entirely awful, what on earth happened? You appeared (be) so happy together...”

“Oh, I don’t know what to say about it really... We seemed (get) on fine at first but then we started to quarrel. We used (quarrel) a lot before, but nothing like this. Tony appeared (expect) me (be) happy just sitting around and letting him (paint) me, and cooking him the odd meal. He made me (feel) so useless. I wanted (do) things too, I didn’t like just waiting on him. He simply didn’t seem (see) that painting and being painted aren’t equally amusing... Married life turned out (be) such a disappointment. One day I just felt I had had enough. Nothing was likely (change) so we thought we had better (split) up.”

“I must say you don’t seem certain (do) the right thing.”

B.

Many middle-class British couples used (have) three children in the 1960s. Since then the birthrate appears (decline) sharply, and by now it seems (level) out at “non-quite-replacement” for the present population. Even today, though, nearly half of the families are likely (end up) with two children, another quarter tend (have) three or more children and only one family in four has a single child. This means that the vast majority of children have at least one brother or sister and family relationships are believed (be) clusters of ties between parents and children, husbands and wives, brothers and sisters.

For the last thirty years, fathers have been explicitly urged (help) bring up their children and seem (become) more involved. Watching the baby being born used (forbid); now it is rare (find) fathers who don’t help their wives in hospital and learn (hug) their children from the first hours of life.

There is a general agreement among British parents of all social groups that children should (teach) (be) kind, (be) honest and (be) fair; and that it is wrong (be) cruel, (steal) or (destroy) the happiness of other people. Children are expected (learn) (be) loyal to their own group. It should (note) that the British do not make a cult of “suffering” and “patience against cruelty” like many Russians, including Dostoevsky. Kindness is supposed (be) active and practical. Suffering should (relieve), not (admire).

Another moral appeal to the British child is “(be) fair”. Basic justice should (do). If there are three apples and three children, then each child should (have) one. If there are four children, then the apples should (divide). Queueing, taking turns, working out the justice of a situation for everyone: this is very deeply rooted in the British.

In other Western countries, different values are stressed. The Americans like (teach) their children that everyone has a right to – health, wealth, happiness, education, goods, etc. So it is your duty (insist) on your rights and not (let) other people (take) them away.

/K. Hewitt, Understanding Britain/

C.

At present the attitude to marriage in the developed countries appears (change). According to a study on marriage released in 1995 it turned out that the U.S. had gone from the most marrying society in the world to one with the most divorces and unwed mothers, damaging the welfare of children in the process. Marriage as the primary institution for raising children seems (weaken) steadily over the past years. The percentage of married adults is reported (decrease) to 62 percent from 72 percent between 1970 and 1990. The research also shows that 50 percent of first marriages are likely (end) in divorce.

The decline of marriage is believed (be) mainly responsible for the deteriorating well-being of children. British researchers, who had been following 17,000 children born in one week in Britain, the USA and New Zealand, reported that children of divorced parents do worse at school than the offspring of couples who stayed together and are showing behavioural problems.

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The national assessment system combined teacher assessment at the end of Key Stage 1 at age seven, Key Stage 2 at age eleven, and Key Stage 3 at age fourteen, and Standard Assessment tests (SATs), i.e. external assessment. External assessment at the end of Key Stage 4 at age sixteen was to be in the form of the newly introduced GCSE examination. The introduction of GCSE increased central government control over the content of syllabuses.

At the post-sixteen level it has been traditional for students to study two or three subjects in depth for GCE A-level. The standards of academic achievement are high, as are the rewards. Success frequently leads to a university place – although many students study for two years, only to fail to get the necessary passport to higher education.

A new initiative in education reform was taken when the Labour Government came to power in May 1997. On 13 January 1998 the Secretary of State for Education, David Blunkett, announced a comprehensive revision of the National Curriculum. Although schools are expected to continue teaching history, geography, design and technology, art, music and physical education, only English, mathematics, science, information and communication technology, and religious education remain obligatory after September 1998. The schools are free to decide the content and the amount of coverage in the other subjects.

This initiative is aimed at ensuring that all children leave primary school equipped with the necessary competence in the basics of literacy and numeracy. However, there is a growing concern that the narrowing of the Curriculum will reduce the opportunity for pupils to develop other learning skills and attitudes which are essential to meet the challenges of the twenty-first century.

Read the text again for detail and answer the following questions (optional):

1.Why can the speech of James Callaghan be regarded as the start of the reform in the schools sector?

2.When was eleven plus testing abandoned? Why?

4.What amazes educationists in other countries?

5.What helped to control the content of education at schools when there was no national curriculum?

6.What was the aim of the 1988 Education Reform Act?

7.What kind of assessment system was designed at that time?

8.What is the essence of the new initiative in the education reform?

9.Why is there a growing concern about the narrowing of the Curriculum?

Ex. 1. Match the following phrases from the text (1–12) with their Russian equivalents (A–L).

1.the then Prime Minister

2.specific concerns

3.it took the Education Reform Act to make it a reality

4.left school free of almost any kind of formal curriculum and assessment control

5.a key element in the introduction of the National Curriculum was the provision…

6.external assessment

7.to study in depth

8.only to fail to get the necessary passport to higher education

9.comprehensive revision (of the National Curriculum)

10.there was a growing concern that the narrowing of the Curriculum…

11.learning skills and attitudes

12.to meet the challenges of the 21st century

a.умениe учиться и отношение к учебе

b.важным элементом введения Единой программы было обеспечение …

c.полный пересмотр (программы)

d. ... и тем не менее не поступают в университет

e.потребовался закон о реформе образования, чтобы претворить ее в жизнь

f.проверка знаний учащихся, проводимая независимыми экспертами

g,. почти полностью освободила школу от обязательной программы и контроля за уровнем знаний

h.бывший в то время премьер-министром

i.возрастает озабоченность по поводу сокращения числа обязательных предметов в программе

j.углубленно изучать

k.соответствовать требованиям XXI века

l.определенные обстоятельства, вызывающие серьезную озабоченность

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3.abandon v 1) отказываться, оставлять; to abandon (all) hope

оставить (всякую) надежду

2)покидать; to abandon one’s family

3)Phr. to abandon oneself to smth предаваться че- му-либо; to abandon oneself to passion / despair

предаваться страсти / отчаянию

abandon n развязность, несдержанность, импульсивность; to do smth with (complete) abandon делать что-

либо, совершенно забыв обо всем abandoned adj заброшенный, покинутый

4. assess v 1) оценивать, давать оценку; to assess a personality

2)определять стоимость (размер налога, штрафа или ущерба); to assess damages определить сум-

му денежного вознаграждения (за причиненный

ущерб)

assessment n 1) оценка (в том числе успеваемости), мнение,

суждение; assessment of new evidence

2)оценка имущества (для обложения налогом); assessment of property taxes

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5.inherent adj 1) (in) присущий, свойственный; there are risks

inherent in almost every sport; the power inherent in the office of Prime Minister права, которые да-

ет пост премьер-министра

2) неотъемлемый; inherent rights

6. amaze v поражать, изумлять; to amaze smb by smth; Bob amazed us by suddenly dropping out of school

amazed adj крайне удивленный, пораженный; an amazed look; to be amazed at smth

amazement n изумление, удивление; to one’s amazement; in amazement; everybody stared at her in amazement

7.particular adj 1) особый, особенный, исключительный; a par-

ticular case, the particular advantages

2) тщательный, разборчивый, привередливый; to be particular about food, clothes, money

3) fml (for) предусматривать (в юр. документах); the treaty provides for the withdrawal of the UN forces; to provide for possible accidents

provision n 1) снабжение, обеспечение

2) fml положение, условие (договора, закона и т.п.); to make provisions предусмотреть

provided conj при условии, что..., в том случае, если ... provided

(that); provided you pay me back by Monday, I’ll lend you the money

10. emphasis n подчеркивание, ударение, выделение; to put / to lay / to place an emphasis on (upon) smth

emphasize (-ise) v подчеркивать, придавать особое значение emphatic adj выразительный, подчеркнутый, настоятель-

ный; emphatic opinion твердое убеждение; emphatic denial категорический отказ

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equipment n оборудование, снаряжение

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Add more words with the suffix -ment from Vocabulary List 1. Pick out the words which describe emotions. Look up the words which you do not know in the dictionary.

Ex. 3. Recast the following sentences using nouns instead of verbs in bold type.

1.The old lady was so amazed that she couldn’t utter a word.

2.That primitive forms of life existed four billion years ago is controversial (спорный).

3.He was furious that at 35 he had to depend on his father in financial matters.

4.You shouldn’t be disappointed. What you’ve achieved in and outside classroom over the past two years is very impressive, indeed.

5.In the UK they traditionally relied on control through public examinations.

6.The new Act requires that schools set detailed attainment targets for their pupils.

7.To assess pupils’ learning outcomes through externally-controlled tests was part and parcel of the 1988 Education Reform.

8.Hostile natives forced the Spanish to abandon their settlement five years later.

9.She appeared as Juliet for the hundredth time on this stage and caused a storm of applause.

10.To insure his life seemed to Jeff the only way to provide for his family in case of his sudden death.

Ex. 4. Give an appropriate word for the emotions described in the following sentences. Consult the list in ex. 2.

1.Fowler was not a little displeased to see his sister on the doorstep. Her happy smile irritated him all the more.

2.We were looking forward to the trip but it left us dissatisfied.

3.I never suspected he could be so generous. I was really surprised to hear that he gives money to charity.

4.She didn’t expect him to fly into a temper. Why should he be so cross with her?

5.The children were running about the house waiting for the guests to arrive. The birthday party was to begin at five.

6.We were perfectly paralyzed when Linsday announced she was going to marry Rowland; she had always insisted she hated the man.

7.Small wonder Ann took offence. She is nearly 30. Her parents have no right to tell her what to do.