Grammar exercises

I.

1. couldn’t / wasn’t able to; 2. could / couldn’t; 3. was able to; 4. can; 5. can’t 6. was able to; 7. couldn’t / wasn’t able to; 8. can’t; 9 could; 10. can

II.

1. must; 2. need; 3. should / ought to; 4. must; 5. have to; 6. need / have to; 7. should / ought to; 8. have to; 9. must / have to; 10. should / must / have to

III.

1. mustn’t; 2. needn’t / don’t have to / don’t need to; 3. can’t / mustn’t; 4. needn’t / don’t have to / don’t need to; 5. needn’t / don’t have to / don’t need to; 6. mustn’t / can’t; 7. needn’t / don’t have to / don’t need to

IV.

1. needn’t have hurried; 2. didn’t need to ask / didn’t have to ask; 3. didn’t need to send / didn’t have to send; 4. needn’t have booked; 5. didn’t need to pack / didn’t have to pack; 6. needn’t have called; 7. didn’t need to do / didn’t have to do

VI.

1. …may / might / could have forgotten about the meeting. 2. …may / might / could be home soon. 3. … should be / ought to be at work. 4. … may / might / could have called while we were out. 5. … may / might / could be outside in the garden. 6. … can get very busy in the rush hour. 7. … may / might / could have gone to the cinema. 8. … should / ought to pass the exam. 9. … may / might / could be visiting a friend. 10. It can snow heavily in Moscow in winter.

VII.

1. should / ought to; 2. should / ought to; 3. should / ought to / could / might; 4. should / ought to; 5. shouldn’t / ought not to; 6. shouldn’t / ought not to; should / ought to; 7. should / ought to

VIII.

1. can’t / mustn’t eat; 2. should / ought to take; 3. could / might have helped; 4. didn’t have to / need to take; 5. must obey; 6. can’t be working; 7. needn’t have come; 8. had to wake; 9. must go; 10. were able to beat.

IX.

1. Don’t stand up in the boat! You may / might / could fall into the river!

2. When I entered the kitchen, I could see Mary laying the table.

3. Anybody might / could have broken into this house, it was always unlocked.

4. I wanted to book the tickets, but Tom bought them on his way home, so I didn’t have to / didn’t need to do it.

5. You look very pale. I think you should see a doctor.

6. You’ve bought some bread, haven’t you? You needn’t have to, we’ve got plenty of bread.

7. I really must go on a diet. I’ll start today!

8. He was talking so fast that I couldn’t / wasn’t able to make out what he was saying.

9. We were sitting in the stalls, so we could see everything perfectly.

10. Lucy can / is able to joggle.

11. Mike can’t / couldn’t have said that. He is very well- mannered.

12. Ann must be sleeping. She went to bed at the crack of dawn.

X.

1. isn’t she? 2. didn’t he? 3. do you? 4. did you? 5. aren’t I 6. haven’t you? 7. shall we? 8. didn’t they? 9. shouldn’t he? 10. won’t you? 11. don’t they? 12. isn’t it? 13. will you / won’t you? 14. will he? 15. is there? 16. do they? 17. will you / won’t you? 18. isn’t there? 19. will they? 20. isn’t it? 21. didn’t you? 22. don’t you? 23. should we? 24. aren’t they? 25. am I?

XI.

1) aren’t you? 2) are you? 3) is there? 4) can you? 5) did you? 6) shall we? 7) is it? 8) do you? 9) will you / won’t you? 10) aren’t you?

UNIT VI

VOCABULARY EXERCISES

III.

1. Anyone will agree that ID technologies increase public safety. However, we should be aware of the fact that increased surveillance comes at the cost of our privacy. For example, whenever we use credit, phone or cash cards our personal information is recorded and stored. So it is on file and readily available to anyone. Unfortunately, this is the price we pay the convenience of using plastic cards.

2. The police and private security companies put CCTV cameras in shopping centres and public areas to discourage such crimes as muggings, carjackings and shoplifting. Cameras also monitor roads and record speeding.

3. GPS (Global Positioning Systems) allow to locate, via satellite, a person or an object. Many car rental companies use this technology to keep track of their vehicles.

4. Biometric ID technologies are more and more developing. For example, large companies use finger scanning to identify employees. Eye recognition, face recognition as well as voice recognition are widely used in different security systems. In the very near future a new computer program allowing footstep identification will appear on the market.

5. Modern identity cards (identification cards) contain microchips which are able to store large amounts of information. You don’t have to carry around with you your driving licence, student card, library card, birth certificate and other documents as such identity cards include full personal information from your birth date to a personal identification number.

VI.

1. I called his home phone but he was out, so I had to leave a message on his answering machine.

2. To switch to another TV channel you don’t even have to get up from the sofa. You can just press a button on the remote control.

3. The program was so slow that I had to uninstall it / I had to get it uninstalled.

4. I’ve had the NTV+ satellite dish installed and now I can watch my favourite sports programmes on satellite TV.

5. I’ve just received an e-mail from my friend. She says she’ll be able to come to see me at the weekend.

6. Please, turn on the radio. I want to listen to the weather forecast for tomorrow.

7. Remember to unplug the microwave oven after you’ve turned it off.

8. All my fellow students’ numbers are stored in the memory of my mobile phone.

9. You don’t have to go into the bank when you need some cash. You can withdraw the money from an ATM. To do transactions at an ATM you need a cash card and a PIN.

10. More and more people will be buying things online in the near future.

11. I’ve mistakenly deleted the file with the draft of my course paper. Could you tell me how I can restore it?

12. I’d advise you to install Skype on your computer. Then you’ll be able not only to make free calls, but also send e-mails for free. You can download it from the Internet.

13. I don’t have to log off every time I finish using the Internet. I have a fixed contract.

14. I like the ringtone on your mobile very much. Is it from some movie?

15. I can watch the local news on closed-circuit TV (CCTV). It’s so convenient.

16. Something’s wrong with the hard drive. I’ll have to get my computer repaired or buy a new one.

17. I don’t know how to use the menu on my mobile, I use the phone only in an emergency.

VII.

1. stole; 2. robbed; 3. robbed … of; 4. stole … from; 5. robbed; stole;

6. stealing; 7. stolen from; 8. rob … of; 9. stealing … from; 10. robbing

XII.

1) c ; 2) c; 3) a; 4) b; 5) b; 6) b; 7) a; 8) c; 9) c; 10) b; 11) c; 12) a; 13) b; 14) a

XV.

1. crimes 2. offence 3. criminals 4. offender 5. evidence 6. proof 7. trial 8. court

XX.

1. accusing 2. charge 3. blame 4. accuse 5. charging 6. blamed

7. charged 8. blames / blamed 9. accused 10. blame

XXI.

1. Two office clerks are reported to have been tried yesterday. They were charged with forging some important financial documents, which did a lot of damage to the company’s financial position and its reputation. Both frauds pleaded not guilty. However, the prosecutor produced conclusive proof, so the jury found them guilty of the crime and the judge sentenced them to 5 years in prison. The convicted were shocked at the verdict and they left the courtroom feeling deeply depressed.

2. Burglary, arson, kidnapping, hijacking and smuggling are very serious crimes. A person charged with one of these crimes, be it an arsonist or a smuggler, can be sentenced to a long prison term. On the other hand, speeding or hooliganism are considered minor offences and those who commit them are often punished with a fine or a court warning.

XXIII.

1. He knew that his young age and lack of experience might rob him of any chance of getting the job and he was very nervous about it.

2. Everyone who does not wear a safety belt when they are travelling in a car should be aware of all the dangers you can face on the road.

3. The woman was standing by the window leaning on the windowsill. She was watching the children playing in the yard.

4. Do you know that she’s married to a man who is 17 years her senior?

5. This airport is notorious for its ineffective security: they have luggage thefts almost every day.

6. I doubt that you’ll get me in the office tomorrow - I’ll be on the road. But if there’s something urgent, you can always make a call on my mobile phone.

7. Everyone knows that his daughter Victoria was named after his mother who died before the girl was born.

8. He heard the sound of laughter, but when he entered the room everybody stopped laughing. He knew that they had been laughing at him.

9. He spoke French without an accent. No wonder that he was often mistaken for a Frenchman.

10. If there’s nothing interesting on TV, you can turn it off. You’d better read a book or help me do the crossword puzzle.

11. Feel free to ask me for help if you have a problem with your laptop – I’ll be always happy to give you a hand.

12. What’s the use of worrying about your weight if you keep eating fats and sweets and don’t do any sport?

13. Surveillance cameras installed on trunk roads keep track of speeding drivers.

14. She tried to leave the shop without paying for the lipstick, but she was stopped by the security man who saw her put a lipstick into her handbag and head for the exit.

15. The local authorities promise to equip all the police stations with lie detectors in the near future.

16. We keep our employees’ records on file for three years after they leave the company.

17. I feel nervous every time they ask me to do some work on a computer – I’m not very good at it.

XXVII.

1. If you keep on coming late to work, you’ll be in trouble with your superiors.

2. The boys were kept in after school for fighting in their PE lesson.

3. Please hold up – I’ll go to see if Dr Jones is in his office.

4. The playground was fenced in to keep dogs off the children’s play area.

5. On the way to the airport we were held up by a road accident and we missed our flight.

XXIX.

1. My car was in the garage for a whole week, but it’s now back on the road.

2. You’re at the age when you must know the difference between right and wrong.

3. Keep in mind that without a good education you’ll never be able to get to the top in your career.

4. He was badly injured in a hit and run accident.

5. Keep off this subject, or you’ll only make matters worse.

6. She’s a very good housewife. She always keeps her house neat and tidy.

7. Don’t worry, your son’s safe and sound. He could’ve received much more serious injuries.

8. After leaving school they went away to different towns and they only see each other once in a blue moon.

9. The government demanded that the police should take more effective measures to maintain law and order in the country.

10. She said that she had seen Grandfather last week and that he was alive and well.