V. Translate the word combinations using attributive constructions:

1. Приведение антимонопольных законов в исполнение

2. регулирование экономической деятельности

3. контроль за ценами и доходами

4. источник полемики

5. налог на доходы

6. налог социального страхования

7. акцизный сбор

8. рабочая сила

9. залежи угля

10. производство меди

Part 2

Look up the meaning of the following words:

• сорго

• нерафинированная сталь

• кокс

• пульпа, древесная масса

• чугун в чушках

• свободная торговая зона

Regional climatic differences enable agricultural diversity. The agricultural sector of the USA produc­es nearly one-half of the world's corn (maize) and more than one-tenth of its wheat. Soybeans, cotton, barley, grain sorghum, rice, and tobacco are between the main crops as well. Fishing, forestry, and livestock farming are also substantial, nearly one-fifth of the world's beef, pork, mutton and lamb are produced in the USA. Despite the enormous output of U.S. agriculture, the sector of agriculture, forestry and fishing altogether pro­duce less than 3 percent of the GNP. Farm productiv­ity has grown at a rapid rate, enabling a smaller la­bour force to produce more than ever before. Farm manpower has fallen, while mechanization and con­centration of farm holdings has increased.

Less than 2 percent of the GNP comes from mining and quarrying, despite the fact that the United States is a major world producer of a number of metals and of coal and petroleum.

Manufacturing output has grown at approximately the same rate as the economy as a whole. The increase in productivity over the years has been in part a func­tion of the increased level of capital investment. Man­ufacturing accounts for about a fifth of the GNP.

One of the most important sectors in terms of val­ue added is the manufacture of transportation equip­ment, including motor vehicles, aircraft, and space equipment. Other important sectors include machin­ery, food products, and chemicals.

Chief manufactured products are crude steel, pa­per, wood pulp, pig iron, sulfuric and phosphoric acid, coke, cheese, newsprint, aerospace vehicles, machine tools, cotton fabric, carpets and rugs, footwear, mo­tor-vehicle tires, household appliances, television and radio receivers, passenger cars, trucks and buses.

In the second half of the 20th century, services have grown faster than any other sector of the U.S. econo­my. Services are now second only to manufacturing in contribution to the GNP. The most important compo­nents are health and business services.

Exports, at only 7.6 percent of gross domestic prod­uct in 1994, show the economy of the USA to be rela­tively self-sufficient and comparatively unaffected by global economic trends. Despite this, the United States is the most important single factor in world trade by virtue of the sheer size of its economy. Its exports present more than 10 percent of the world total. Ma­jor exports and imports include machinery and trans­portation equipment (electrical goods, motor vehicles and parts), chemicals, mineral fuel, beverages. Chief exports are also aircraft, computers, tobacco, wheat, and corn. The USA receives in turn paper, clothing, footwear, and food (meat, fish, coffee, tea and ba­nanas).

A free-trade treaty was signed with Canada in 1989, and in 1993 the North American Free Trade Agree­ment created a free-trade region comprising the USA, Canada, and Mexico. The leading trading partners are also Japan, Saudi Arabia, China, Great Britain, and Germany.

A surge in imports in the 1980s, particularly from Japan, and the uncompetitiveness of exports have caused a trade deficit. A negative trade balance took place from 1976 to 1984. This, together with the large federal budget deficit, has aroused world-wide concern. In 1985, for the first time since 1914, U.S. debts owed to foreign creditors exceeded foreign debts owed to U.S. creditors.

The United States takes part in the economy of the rest of the world not only as a trading power but also as a source of investment capital. The USA has pene­trated deeply into the Canadian economy where Amer­ican multinational corporations have large investments. Mining and smelting, petroleum and natural gas and much of the manufacturing enterprise are dominated by American firms. Direct investment abroad by U.S. firms is a dominant factor in the economies of many Latin-American countries and is also important in Europe and in Asia.