15. Describe the main principles of restructing and iconic linkage.

Restructing

The sequence in which information is presented to readers can play an important role in the success of a translation. There are instances when it will be necessary to rearrange the sequence of information in a text.

In practice, this may involve foregrounding certain information, omitting other information or even repeating information.

As a result, we may need to rearrange the information within sentences, paragraph or even chapters. However, there are limitations on what we can reasonably do as translators. So we cannot move entire chapters or sections within a document unless we get permission to do this.

Iconic Linkage

This strategy involves reducing the number of ways in which the same information is presented in a text. It takes the idea of parallelism - using grammatically parallel structures for parts of a sentence which are similar in meaning-and expands it to include matching sentences and phrases throughout an entire text, not just those which are in close proximity. This strategy can improve the effectiveness of texts.

16. What are the basic syntactic translation devices?

Syntactic devices:

Partitioning is either replacing in translation of a source sentence by two or more target ones (inner partitioning) or converting a simple source sentence into a compound or complex target one (outer partitioning).

Integration is the opposite of partitioning, it implies combining two or (seldom) more source sentences into one target sentence. Generally, integration is a translation device wholly depending on stylistic features and communication intent of the text being translated. In oral translation, integration may be a text compression tool, when an interpreter is to re-duce the elements of the source text to keep in pace with the speaker.

17. What is the difference between scientific and technical communication?

Basic characteristics.

Language.

• Technical. simple declarative sentence, simple instructions, chronological or logical order

• Scientific. long, complex sentences; complex figurative language; vivid imagery, rhetorical devices; Metaphors (similes)

Terminology.

• Terminology accounts for 5-10 % (scientific texts are more likely to be overloaded with terms)

• Abbreviations and acronyms (technical texts – common used/well-known)

• Terms with both general and specialized meaning (rare in technical texts)

Facts, specifications.

• Technical. Facts - presented in bulleted list (without textual padding); References are used

• Scientific. Presented in full sentences; References are used in more traditional way

18. What are the basic types of technical and scientific texts and their peculiarities?

Manuals – educational document

Cookbooks: bullet list, step-by-step instruction, one sentence-one task. (Translator note: never unite sentences!)

Tutorials (basic introduction to a topic/product): must be supportive, data presented in slow pace, low information density

Guides: (more advanced material): plenty of examples

Note! Tutorials and guides can be united – translator should make shift from instructional to explanatory tone.

Reference manuals: separate topic & unit – not read from cover to cover – for translator, information can repeat.

Application and proposal(scientific & technical) well-structured, information ranges from commercial to technical – different strategies: Abstract, Biographies, Cover letter, Project description, Schedule, Budget .

Reports & Scientific Papers

• Introduction - Materials and methods - Results - Discussion (sometimes referred to as IMRAD).

• Abstract - Introduction - Materials - Procedure - Results - Conclusions - References.

Note: in each paragraph definite phrases and verb tense prevail

Presentations - text, graphics, figures & animations

Translation difficulties: speaker’s notes are required, control text length (small font)

Regulatory documents - (sets of rules) – overlap with legal translation

Translation difficulties: attention to details, factual accuracy, template use