How to Read Consonant Letters

In front of е, i, у

[s]

face, city, bicycle

In front of а, о, u

[k]

case, cat, cut, cool, coal

C

In front of Consonant

class, fact

с

Combinations ch, tch

[ʧ]

watch, match, bench, chief

ck

[k]

clock, thick, quick

In front of е, i, у

[ʤ]

page, age, engineer, gym

G

In front of а, о, u

[ɡ]

gate, got, gun, fog

g

In front of Consonant

great

Combination

ng

[]

bring, sing, ring

In the initial position

[s]

say, such, send, stop, speak

In front of voiceless consonant

[s]

rest, best, ask, test

S

After voiceless consonants

[s]

books, desks, asks, gets, puts

s

After voiced consonants and vowels

[z]

beds, reads, boys, days, goes, factories

Between vowels

[z]

rise, these, please

In front of -ion, -urе

[ʒ]

occasion, pleasure, measure

-ous

[s]

famous, numerous

W

In front of Vowel

[w]

wind, was

W

In front of h

[w]

when, where, what, why, white

w

Combination of Letters

who

[h]

who, whose, whom, whole

wr

[r]

write, wrote, wrong

bt

[t]

debt, doubt, subtle

ght

[t]

light, night, right

gn

[n]

sign, design, reign

kn

[n]

know, knife, knit

ph

[f]

photo, philosophy

qu

[kw]

queen, question

sh

[ʃ]

wish, show, fresh

ss + ion

[ʃn]

permission

ss

[s]

passive, possible

In the initial position (notional words)

[Ɵ]

thin, thick, month, path

th

In the initial position (structural words, adverbs)

[ð]

the, this, that,

those, thus, they,

Between vowels

gather, bathe, weather

Short vowels

[Λ] (cup)

[ɒ] (clock)

[ʊ] (book)

[ɪ] (ship)

[e] (pen)

[ə] (camera)

[æ] (man)

Long vowels

[ɔː] (ball)

[ɑː] (heart)

[ɜː] (girl)

Diphthongoids

[i:] (sheep)

[u:] (boot)

Diphthongs

[əʊ] (phone)

[ɪə] (year)

[ɔɪ] (boy)

[aʊ] (house)

[eɪ] (male)

[aɪ] (fine)

[eə] (chair)