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121

7. Although there are a few … of certification systems in the US, most nonindustrial private forest owners remain undecided.

16.6. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на объектный инфинитивный оборот:

1.In the experiment the students found the tree to contain much resin.

2.Ancient farmers relied on slash-and-burn agriculture and they expected the trees that had been cut down to grow back after the humans departed.

3.They saw the third growth of forests be highly artificial and lack the rich diversity of the earlier woodlands.

4.We heard the eastern plantations be infected with rust fungus.

5.After World War I the British government ordered the conifers to be planted on hundreds of thousands of acres.

6.The foresters want oak, beech, birch and ash to grow among the

conifers.

7.Most environmentalists consider clear-cutting to be damaging to

wildlife.

8.The researchers suppose clear-cutting to create problems that go beyond the welfare of wild animals.

9.The scientists believe kenaf, a fast-growing annual herb that is native to Africa, to be the most promising alternative to wood in paper production.

10.They found kenaf to make a bright, strong newsprint that does not turn yellow because it doesn't contain lignin.

16.7. Раскройте скобки и измените предложения так, чтобы они содержали субъектный инфинитивный оборот. Переведите полученные предложения:

Образец: The Sustainable Forestry Partnership integrates ecological, social, and economic principles (to know). The Sustainable Forestry Partnership is known to integrate ecological, social, and economic principles.

1.Over 2,500 tree species occur in the Amazon forest (to say).

2.Sustainable forestry helps in conserving forests and maintaining their productivity now and into the future without degrading the environment (to think).

3.Coniferous trees are evergreen because their branches always bear green leaves (to say).

4.The leaves of forest trees are the planet's most important producers of organic material (to suppose).

122

5.Foresters protect, maintain and restore the aesthetics, vitality, structure and functions of the natural processes of the forest ecosystem (to suppose).

6.They also develop and use innovative links among managers, scientists, decision-makers and the various public stakeholders (to expect).

7.The participatory, collaborative and educational links are used (to suppose).

8.The sustainable forest management works towards viable, longterm markets (to consider).

9.Sustainable forestry activities are consistent with a bio-centered view of the world (to report).

10.Complex systems are studied as wholes (to believe).

11.Professional stewardship includes responsiveness to changing societal demands and expectations (to expect).

16.8. Заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу предлогами:

In the beginning … the 1970s, Finland imported some 5 million m3 of wood … Russia. Imports remained … approximately the same level … the early 1990s. The number … Finnish companies involved … Russian forestry is large. There are, however, large differences … scale, location and type … operation. The main reasons … the increased imports are the poor condition … Russia's domestic forest industry and the increased demand, especially … birch pulp, in Finland. Low wood prices combined … a highly corrupt timber trade system have also attracted some companies looking … opportunities to make a quick profit. The environmental policies of Finnish companies concerning operations … the Northwest of Russia have improved considerably … the last few years. But … spite of the existing moratorium commitments of the major companies, the situation … the Northwest of Russia is far … satisfactory. In the more remote areas, where wood is mainly logged … local forestry companies and then transported … train … Finland, the main problem is still the logging … old-growth forests.

16.9. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту (упр. 16.2):

1.What is certification?

2.Why is the problem of forest certification discussed worldwide?

3.Since when has forest certification been developed in the USA?

4.What certification systems exist in the United States?

5.Do forest owners in Europe have an alternative to the FSC?

6.What does Pan European Forest Certification system include?

7.Which certification system do Russian forestry enterprises keep to?

123

16.10. Объясните, что означают следующие названия. Дайте краткое описание перечисленных реалий:

Forest Stewardship Council (FSC)

Sustainable Forestry Initiative (SFI)

Green Tag

Pan European Forest Certification (PEFC)

16.11. Обсудите в парах следующие проблемы:

Major objectives of forest certification

Comprehension of forest certification by environmental groups, industrial forest companies and wood products companies

Development of Russian national framework principles and criteria of FSC certification

16.12.Подготовьте краткий пересказ текста (упр. 16.2).

16.13.Найдите необходимую информацию и подготовьте минидоклад на одну из предложенных тем:

Forest certification standards

Forest product certification: recent developments

National and international eco-labelling

16.14. Обсудите в группах:

Plan for transition towards forestry sustainability

The problem of forestry sustainability is growing more and more important. The concept of sustainable forest management (SFM) recognizes the connection between the health of the forests and the health of the communities, the economy, and the biosphere. SFM implies a type of management that views the forest not as the source of any one economic product or service, but as an integrated whole.

A competition of forest researchers has been announced. The subject of the competition is preparing a plan of the region's transition towards forestry sustainability. The authors of the most realistic and efficient plan will be awarded special prizes.

Divide into groups of 3-4. Each group should think of their own plan. Each group: Prepare a plan with as much background detail as possible.

Present information on:

biological and social components of the ecological system;

124

approaches to studying forests;

relationship between forest management and decision-making;

wood and non-wood resources and their limits;

forest products and services.

If necessary add your own ideas.

The whole class: gather to listen to the presentations. Ask questions. Each group: discuss the advantages and disadvantages of all the plans

presented. Choose a representative who will join the decision-making group.

The group of representatives: come to the front of the class and discuss the plans to choose the one to be awarded. Your objective is to persuade everybody that your plan is the best one.

Each group: Follow the discussion. You may communicate with your representative in writing, but may not interrupt the discussion. Pass notes to your representative if you think you can help him (her) to win the argument.

The group of representatives: Decide which plan is the best one.

125

CHAPTER 4

INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION IN

SUSTAINABLE FORESTRY

UNIT 17

17.1. Прочитайте интернациональные слова и определите их значение:

role, global, action, donor, technological, provision, stabilization, nation, atmospheric, line, traditionally, technical, financial, plantation, investment, rehabilitation

17.2. Прочитайте и переведите текст.

Trends in International Cooperation

International cooperation in forestry has been marked in recent years by increasing complexity and changes in perception of the role of forestry in development. Forestry is now on the international political agenda.

Forests and forest-based activities have a global dimension, although the primary responsibility for the conservation and management of forest resources rests with national governments. Interdependencies between countries arise through trade in forest products, the reliance of one country on another for raw material supplies, the provision of non-wood outputs including water, and a wide range of environmental problems, which transcend national boundaries or are of global significance, such as the maintenance of biodiversity and stabilization of climate. Watersheds and wildlife habitats are ecological entities which do not respect political boundaries.

Interdependency is increasing. Inevitably, countries now rely more on each other than previously and the need for international cooperation is growing. In forestry, the broad scope of international cooperation should evolve to match the new awareness of forestry's role in sustainable development and the increasing interdependency between nations. Existing arrangements are changing and new forms of cooperation are developing as perceptions alter of the importance of linkages between countries. Mutual interest is the foundation for successful cooperation.

The interests of groups of nations vary significantly. Trading patterns between developed and less-developed countries (north/south) are changing, as the latter seek to add value to their domestic production by more wood

126

processing, and there are opportunities for increased trade between developing countries (south/south). The north/south flows of aid for forestry have increased in recent years, particularly to tropical countries, partly due to the stimulus of an unprecedented international initiative, i.e. the TFAP. Assistance to economies in transition to market patterns, particularly in eastern European countries, may be expected to grow significantly in future. In relation to the environment, there are concerns, such as atmospheric pollution, which must be addressed through cooperation between developed countries (north/north) and the vital issue of tropical deforestation which has prompted the development of collaboration under the umbrella of the TFAP.

Multilateral action in forestry has become increasingly important in line with the new awareness of forestry's contribution to sustainable development and of the problems and opportunities involved. Traditionally, the international dimension of forestry emphasized the exchange of information about forest resources and the supply, demand and trade in forest products. This information provided the basis for consultations on forest policies and plans at global, regional and national levels. Later, also multilateral action began to aim increasingly at providing technical and financial assistance to individual countries for plantations, the production of industrial roundwood and establishing processing industries, and building up the institutional and human resource base for effective implementation of policies and programmes.

The transboundary nature of many forestry problems has become increasingly recognized. Some of their causes (atmospheric pollution, pests and diseases, etc.) and impacts (deforestation, land use and watershed problems, loss of biological diversity, etc.) are unrelated to political frontiers. At the same time, there has been greater reliance on international cooperation in the development of solutions. The growth and diversification of forestry assistance and investment programmes testify to the scope for increased multilateral action.

Tropical forestry matters started to receive special attention in the early 1980s, with the upsurge in interest caused by increasing alarm about the rate of tropical deforestation that eventually led to the 1985 launching of the TFAP. This gave a new impetus to international forestry cooperation by drawing attention to a key problem and focusing international efforts to deal with it. Action has been mainly concentrated at country level, where donors participate in carrying out sector reviews and in preparing action plans using concerted approaches involving national governments and representa-

8 TFAP – Tropical Forestry Action Programme

127

tives of international agencies and donors. The TFAP promoted wider consultation at all levels, and with interest groups such as NGOs and representatives of rural communities, the private sector and others. Longstanding cooperation for tropical timber trade was strengthened by the creation in 1985 of the ITTO the members of which include both producer and consumer countries.

Important changes also took place affecting forests in the boreal and temperate zones. Deforestation is not generally a serious problem – several countries (e.g., Finland, Poland, Spain and Sweden) showed net forest gains and extensive plantation development also took place, as in Portugal and New Zealand.

However, atmospheric pollution is a major threat calling for international action to correct existing damage and prevent its further spread.

The political changes that took place in Eastern Europe offered new opportunities for cooperation in the fields of protection and management of forest resources, reha-

bilitation of damaged forests, technological upgrading and rehabilitation of industries, human skills development, and provision of capital for investment. Some of the forms of international cooperation which have been operating traditionally in the tropics may also be applicable in Eastern Europe and in other climatic zones, but new solutions will also be needed, suited to different circumstances.

17.3. Запомните слова и выражения:

to be on the agenda

стоять на повестке дня

dimension

размер, величина, важность

reliance on

зависимость от ч.-л.

to transcend boundaries

переходить границы

entity

существо, организм

awareness of

понимание чего-л.

mutual interest

взаимный интерес

9NGO – Non-governmental Organization

10ITTO – International Tropical Timber Organization

 

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domestic production

 

отечественное производство

 

wood processing

 

деревообработка

aid

 

помощь, поддержка, средства

tropical deforestation

 

исчезновение тропических лесов

multilateral action

 

многосторонняя деятельность

industrial roundwood

 

круглый лесоматериал

human resources

 

персонал, кадры

pest

 

вредное насекомое, паразит

diversification

 

процесс изменения; модифици-

 

 

рование

to testify to

 

свидетельствовать о ч.-л.

upsurge in interest

 

повышение интереса

alarm

 

тревога

to give a new impetus to

 

дать новый толчок ч.-л.

rural community

 

сельская община

temperate zone

 

умеренный пояс

net forest gain

 

чистый прирост леса

to call for

 

требовать ч.-л.

technological upgrading

 

обновление технологий

17.4. Переведите словосочетания, опираясь на содержание тек-

ста (упр. 17.2):

raw material supplies, wildlife habitats, atmospheric pollution, investment programmes, action plans, tropical timber trade, producer and consumer countries, extensive plantation development, rehabilitation of damaged forests, human skills development

17.5. Подберите к русским словосочетаниям (a) английские эквиваленты (b):

 

a

b

 

 

 

1)

широкий масштаб

A) existing arrangements

 

 

 

2)

перерабатывающая промышленность

B) effective implementation

 

 

 

3)

лесная политика

C) international initiative

 

 

 

4)

отечественное производство

D) increasing alarm

 

 

 

5)

взаимный интерес

E) broad scope

 

 

 

6)

международная инициатива

F) processing industry

 

 

 

7)

возрастающая тревога

G) forest policy

 

 

 

8)

эффективное внедрение

H) domestic production

 

 

 

9)

существующие соглашения

I) mutual interest

 

 

 

129

17.6. Подберите к прилагательным существительные из текста (упр. 17.2) и употребите их в собственных предложениях:

global, tropical, national, boreal, political, atmospheric, multilateral, vital, sustainable, financial, mutual

17.7. Раскройте скобки, образуя причастия настоящего времени. Переведите полученные предложения:

Образец: The forest is the cradle of life, (to supply) shelter, food and wood for fuel, tools and housing, (to produce) humus for bountiful soil, (to offer) beauty and cool shade. – The forest is the cradle of life, supplying shelter, food and wood for fuel, tools and housing, producing humus for bountiful soil, offering beauty and cool shade.

1.Certain kinds of fungi (to live) among the trees' root hairs rapidly extract minerals from the (to decompose) litter and transfer the nutrients to the roots, which in turn provide the fungi with carbohydrates.

2.The larches survive in the coldest areas because, unlike, most evergreens, they shed all their needles each year just before winter, thus (to reduce) moisture loss and (to minimize) the damage done by high wind and heavy snow.

3.The trees here are not subject to the frigid and fickle climate of the temperate zones, but many of them (to respond) to seasonal droughts, still shed their leaves late in the fall.

4.During the summer, mature eucalyptus leaves hang vertically, (to reduce) their exposure to the sun and (to minimize) water loss.

5.They can open and close the pores, (to regulate) the loss of water and the movement of gases.

6.In its new location, the radiata pine has grown rapidly and extensively, (to become) the most important pine species.

7.The forest of the Pacific coast, where steep slopes (to face) rainbearing winds produce a high rainfall, is Canada's densest tall-timber forest.

8.Insects, fungi and viruses attack from all directions, (to plunge) into any open wound, (to consume) leaves, fruit and seeds, (to bore) into bark, (to ensure) that the tree is ever at peace.

9.Thousands of tiny root hairs grow outward from the root, (to stick) tightly to grains of soil and (to absorb) water from the ground.

130

17.8. Раскройте скобки, образуя причастия прошедшего времени. Переведите полученные предложения:

Образец: The function of the phloem cells is to conduct nutrients (to manufacture) in the leaves down to the roots. − The function of the phloem cells is to conduct nutrients manufactured in the leaves down to the roots.

1.Food (to make) in the leaves travels through the phloem to the other parts of the tree.

2.Sturdy, prolific and well (to adapt) to a variety of climatic conditions, conifers are one of the most abundant types of tree on earth.

3.(To cut) off from the meltwater but still (to feed) by streams, the sandy-bottomed ponds became catchments for rain water and attractive habitats for algae and other simple plants.

4.Australia, (to govern) by its own peculiar combination of subtropical and temperate environments, hosts extensive forests of eucalyptus trees.

5.Efforts to limit damage (to cause) by the imported insects – as well as by native species – have been prodigious.

6.There are many species of epiphytes, plants that grow (to attach) to the trunks and branches of trees, and have no contact with the soil.

7.The boreal forest includes nearly all species of mammals and birds (to recognize) as distinctively Canadian.

17.9. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на сложные формы причастий:

1.Being used to monitor the forest health satellite imagery helps to map fire outbreak, and identify wildlife and fish habitat for protection.

2.Having been robbed of its protective covering during clearcutting the exposed land begins to wash away.

3.Being planted again and again the great white pines do not achieve the majestic size of the native trees that they replace.

4.Having turned off their food production by shedding leaves the trees started to accumulate sugars in root and bark cells.

5.Having harvested big pines loggers cut down smaller trees.

6.Having been grown by the XIXth century a forest of conifers kept Germany well supplied and free from reliance on imported timber.

7.Having been imported from North America Sitka spruce became the overwhelming dominant species in the extensive managed forests.

8.Having been encouraged by the government the residents of the Indian state Gujarat planted wood lots and thus managed to reduce the drain in the forests.

131

17.10. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту (упр. 17.2):

1.Why is forestry on the international political agenda now?

2.Who has the primary responsibility for the conservation and management of forest resources?

3.What interdependencies arise between countries due to forestbased activities?

4.What is considered to be the foundation for successful coopera-

tion?

5.How are trading patterns between different countries changing?

6.What does multilateral action in forestry include?

7.When did tropical forestry matters receive special attention?

8.How was the cooperation for tropical timber trade strengthened?

9.Is deforestation a serious problem for the boreal and temperate

zone?

10.What opportunities did the world forestry obtain after some political changes had taken place in Eastern Europe?

17.11. Обсудите в парах следующие проблемы:

Necessity of international cooperation in forestry

Increase of multilateral action in forestry

Cooperation for tropical timber trade

Boreal and temperate forestry matters

17.12.Предложите свой вариант заголовка текста (упр. 17.2).

17.13.Подготовьте краткий пересказ текста (упр. 17.2).

17.14.Найдите необходимую информацию и подготовьте минидоклад на одну из предложенных тем:

Goals and missions of international organizations related to forests

Forest resources of the world: vegetation types and their condition

Tropical rainforests: benefits and disadvantages of their cutting

17.15. Обсудите в группах:

Programme of creating urban community ecosystem

At present most people live and work in urban environments. Over 60% of the Europe's population live in cities, and by 2025 the number is expected to increase up to 80%. A strong need for better cities arises. Thus,

132

the quality of urban environment is crucial. Urban forests may become one of the possible ways of improving the quality of urban life. They should provide people with a pleasant working and living environment.

You are a city council. You have gathered to make a programme of creating community ecosystem in your city. The main issues are afforestation of the city and sustainable management of urban forestry.

Divide into groups of 3-4. Each group should think of their own programme.

Each group: Prepare a programme with as much background detail as possible. Discuss the following things in groups:

Environmental advantages (reduction of harmful influence of sun, wind and heat, protection of water resources, reduction of air pollution, carbon sequestration, increase of biodiversity)

Economic benefits (pleasant working environment, pleasant living environment, setting for new development and new businesses)

Socio-cultural values (place for social activities, recreation and health, keeping people in contact with nature, community building and empowerment, education and training)

Policies, planning and design (individual trees and small groups of trees, street and roadside trees, trees in parks, private yards, cemeteries, natural forests, plantations, orchards, etc.)

Management (testing silvicultural practice, availability of data about forest dynamics, provision of education and communication, safety issues)

Technical and operational activities (emphasis on aesthetic values and biodiversity, prohibition of clear-cuts, application of thinning, natural regeneration, close-to-nature forestry)

If necessary add your own ideas.

The whole class: gather to listen to the presentations. Ask questions. Choose the best programme.

UNIT 18

18.1. Прочитайте интернациональные слова и определите их значение:

forum (pl. fora), special, import, contact, discipline, orientation, periodic, conference, committee, instrument, bank

133

18.2. Прочитайте и переведите текст.

Forms of Cooperation (I)

International cooperation may take many forms. Financial and technical assistance provided from multilateral and bilateral sources is of obvious importance but other aspects are receiving more attention than in the past and may be expected to develop significantly in future.

The basis for all cooperation is contact and dialogue among countries. The existence of appropriate international fora for consultation is therefore of primary importance. In this respect, one can mention the World Forestry Congress itself which is a key global forum for reviewing all aspects of the forestry discipline, for increasing awareness of and dissemination of information on major developments affecting the sector, and for indicating changes in orientation for the immediate future. The British Commonwealth also holds periodic forestry conferences. Other fora meet more frequently, but all the major ones are associated with FAO, such as the Committee on Forestry (COFO), the Committee on Forest Development in the Tropics, regional forestry commissions (for Africa, Asia-Pacific, Europe, Latin America and Caribbean, Near East, and North America), and technical subject matter committees like the International Poplar Commission. The influence of these fora is well known and is reflected in their being the origins of such initiatives as the TFAP and the proposed international instrument on conservation and development of forests.

The main forms of international coope-ration are presented below.

Financial assistance. In 1986, official development assistance to forestry from bilateral and multilateral sources was estimated at US $750 million. Development assistance commitments to forestry expanded significantly in the decade 1975-85, amounting to about US $400-500 million annually in 1985. By 1988, commitments had reached about US $1093 million. An example of this growth is provid-

ed by the World Food Programme – one of the largest donors – which recorded commitments of US $27 million to 28 countries in 1974, rising to US $573 million for 91 countries in 1989. World Bank lending for forestry

11 FAO – Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

134

rose to an average of US $437.9 million annually during 1991-95.

New forms of financial assistance include the creation of special funds, such as the World Bank's Global Environmental Facility; this has four "areas of action", two of which (protecting biodiversity and limiting "greenhouse gas" emissions) are directly relevant to forestry. Another device, which has attracted interest, is "debt for nature swaps", by which international debts are purchased in return for environmental safeguards (e.g. establishing nature reserves) or, as suggested recently, guarantees of sustainable management of forest resources. An important source of financial cooperation is, of course, the private sector. This is unfortunately less well documented than ODA but its role in forestry development should not be overlooked or underestimated.

Technical assistance. Technical assistance is inextricably bound up with investment assistance and cannot be valued separately. It is obtained from multilateral and bilateral sources. Most bilateral aid agencies include forestry assistance in their programmes and some even specialize in forestry aid. FAO's remit specifically includes technical assistance, which it provides on an increasing scale, particularly in relation to the TFAP for which the Organization is the lead agency for about 30 countries.

Technical assistance is important as a means for strengthening recipient countries' capacity to absorb investment and to reach eventual self reliance. It is also a vehicle for the spread of new ideas and transfer of technology, but its success depends on the capacity of the recipient government to manage an assistance programme.

Among the most important areas for technical assistance are human resources development and research. Human resources development is provided through training components built into most field programmes of bilateral and multilateral donors as well as through free-standing training and institution building projects. There is a need to maintain training efforts so as to facilitate the dissemination of new information and technology through international programmes developed in cooperation with universities and other educational institutions. Care must be taken, however, to ensure that the methods and technology are appropriate to the stage of development of the beneficiary country.

With regard to research, IUFRO extended its traditional role to include a special programme for developing countries. An important initiative was the incorporation of forestry/agroforestry research into the Consultative Group

12ODA – Overseas Development Authority

13IUFRO – International Union of Forestry Research Organizations

135

on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) system, which strengthened forestry research generally and encouraged interaction with other rural development research activities.

Trade. Trade is an important and longstanding component of international cooperation which forms the basis of wealth creation in producer countries. Tourism based on forest and wildlife resources is a special case of invisible trade without material transfers.

Many international and regional bodies and initiatives already exist to facilitate trade for the benefit of all countries, with due consideration to those that are less developed. It is worth noting that some environmental groups, seeking to restrict or halt trade in tropical timber by import bans, quotas and boycotts, are acting con-

trary to the spirit of these international negotiations.

Within the forestry sector, the creation of ITTO is a positive development given that it brings together producers with consumers and private sector timber trade interests with agencies responsible for sustainable management of the tropical timber resources on which they depend. At regional level the African Timber Organization stimulates cooperation among timber producing countries. FAO provides support to trade by publishing regular production, trade and price statistics, and forecasts of future requirements for wood and wood products. More and more attention is also being given to non-wood products.

18.3. Запомните слова и выражения:

financial assistance

финансовая помощь

to review

пересматривать, делать обзор

dissemination of information

распространение информации

poplar

тополь

origins

начало, истоки

lending

кредитование, ссуды

greenhouse gas emission

выброс парниковых газов

to be relevant to

иметь отношение к ч.-л.

device

средство

swap

обмен, меновая торговля

to purchase a debt in return for

выкупить долг в обмен на ч.-л.

to be bound up with

быть связанным с чем-л.

 

136

remit

 

перечисление, перевод (денeг)

 

recipient

 

получатель

to depend on

 

зависеть от ч.-л.

training

 

обучение

to facilitate

 

cпособствовать, cодействовать,

 

 

облегчать

beneficiary country

 

страна, получающая поддержку

wealth

 

богатство, благосостояние

to restrict

 

ограничить

to halt

 

остановить

import ban

 

запрет на импорт

quota

 

квота

to bring together

 

сводить вместе

negotiations

 

переговоры

forecast

 

предсказание, прогноз

18.4. Переведите слова, обращая внимание на префиксы over- в

значении сверх, чрезмерно, пере- и under- в значении недо-, ниже чем:

overestimate, overlook, overstretch, overcharge, overdo, overeat, overfeed, overheat, overlap, overpay, overprize, overrun, overshoot, oversleep, overstate;

underestimate, undercharge, underfeed, underpay, underprize, underproduce, understate, underwork

18.5. Переведите словосочетания, опираясь на содержание тек-

ста (упр. 18.2):

technical subject matter committees, World Bank's Global Environmental Facility, development assistance commitments, recipient countries' capacity, human resources development and research, field programmes, institution building projects, rural development research activities, wealth creation, producer countries, forest and wildlife resources, private sector timber trade interests

18.6. Cоотнесите термины (a) с соответствующими определениями (b):

(а)

(b)

1) assistance

A) spreading ideas, information, etc.

 

137

 

 

2) forum

B) agreement or pledge to do smth

3) dissemination

C) business of buying and selling or bartering com-

 

modities

4) initiative

D) part of the economy that is not owned or directly

 

controlled by the state

5) commitment

E) act of helping or giving support

6) private sector

G) ability to receive, accommodate, or deal with smth

7) investment

H) one who receives the income or proceeds of a trust,

 

will, or insurance policy

8) capacity

I) sum of money invested for income or profit

9) beneficiary

J) public meeting involving audience partici-pation

10) trade

K) first or new step

 

 

18.7. Заполните пропуски в предложениях, пользуясь информацией текста (упр. 18.2):

1.International … provide contact and dialogue among countries.

a) fora

b) arrangements

c) trade

2. The World Forestry Congress promotes … on major developments affecting the Forestry sector.

a) financial assistance

b) donor cooperation

c)dissemination of information

3.A number of international fora are the … of such initiatives as the

TFAP.

a) assistance

b) development

c) origins

4. Technical assistance helps … countries to increase their capacity for absorbing investment.

a) producer

b) recipient

c) European

5.Financial assistance to forestry includes the creation of special ….

a) funds

b) facilities

c) commitments

6. Human resources development is provided through training components which are … the dissemination of new information.

a) to encourage

b) to facilitate

c) to reach

7.Trade forms the basis of … creation in producer countries.

a) aid

b) investment

c) wealth

8. One of FAO's functions is to provide … of future requirements for wood and wood products.

a) interaction

b) forecasts

c) negotiations

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18.8. Раскройте скобки, образуя причастия настоящего или прошедшего времени:

1.The meadow type of steppe, (to represent) by the prairies, is composed of relatively tall grasses (to grow) in a region where the annual precipitation is from 35 to 40 inches.

2.Longleaf pine has an adaptation to fire survival, namely (to suppress) growth above ground for the first 3 to 6 years, (to result) only in a tuft of green needles which protects the plant's growing point against fire.

3.The trunk and limbs of a tree provide an intricate circulatory system that links the interdependent parts of the tree, (to supply) every one of its billions of living cells with water and minerals drawn from the roots and sugary food (to disturb) from the leaves.

4.The cells (to produce) on the outside of the cambium become part of the phloem, (to form) a narrow sleeve that encases the trunk, all the branches and the major roots.

5.Since conservation areas are like islands in a sea of commercially (to manage) forest land, changes (to occur) in the commercial forests will affect the populations of the conservation areas.

6.The average American uses about 749 pounds of paper every year and 95% of the houses (to build) are done so (to use) wood.

7.The criteria and indicators for the conservation and sustainable management of temperate and boreal forests were formally agreed upon in 1995 by 10 countries, (to include) the United States, then (to participate) in an international technical working group (to know) as the Montreal Process.

18.9. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на независимый причастный оборот:

1.These forests will have timber production as their main aim, timber being a most important renewable resource.

2.Only the growth, or increment, of the forests has been harvested, the capital being left untouched.

3.That section of the root also acts as a passageway, water and minerals passing through it on their way from the new root hairs to the trunk and leaves.

4.Some international agreements having been drafted, they were adapted to Finland's circumstances.

5.A list consisting of 160 indicators was compiled, each of them being associated with six criteria.

6.The setting of purely economic objectives for the forest having

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come in for criticism, forest management became biased towards biodiversity and ecological sustainability development.

7. The applicability of the criteria and indicators was tested at a regional level, information being generated for forest certification scheme development purposes.

18.10. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на its и it’s:

1.International cooperation in forestry has acquired a great importance and its significance has been universally recognized.

2.Development assistance to forestry from bilateral and multilateral sources has increased, its growth is provided by a number of donors.

3.World Bank also lends for forestry, its commitments rose to an average of US $437.9 million annually during 1991-95.

4.Technical assistance is bound up with investment assistance, it’s obtained from bilateral and multilateral sources.

5.Technical assistance helps recipient countries reach self reliance and it’s also a vehicle for the spread of new ideas and transfer of technology.

6.Trade is an important and longstanding component of international cooperation, tourism based on forest and wildlife resources is its special case.

7.FAO is the lead international agency for cooperation in forestry and its role is reflected in its TFAP coordination function.

18.11. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту (упр. 18.2):

1.Why are international fora important for cooperation in forestry?

2.What role does the World Forestry Congress play in the establishment of contact among countries?

3.What fora are associated with FAO?

4.How has the financial assistance to forestry changed since 1975?

5.What forms of financial assistance have recently appeared?

6.Can technical assistance to forestry be valued separately? Why?

7.What is human resources development provided through?

8.Which IUFRO's initiative has strengthened forestry research?

9.What forms the basis of wealth creation in producer countries?

10.Why is the creation of ITTO regarded as a positive development?

11.Does FAO provide support to trade? How?

18.12.Укажите, какие из данных предложений характеризуют:

a)финансовую помощь; b) техническую помощь; с) торговлю:

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1.It forms the basis of wealth creation in producer countries.

2.Its new forms include the creation of special funds.

3.It is important as a means for strengthening recipient countries' capacity to absorb investment and to reach eventual self reliance.

4.International debts are purchased in return for environmental safeguards or guarantees of sustainable management of forest resources.

5.It is inextricably bound up with investment assistance and cannot be valued separately.

6.FAO provides it on an increasing scale, particularly in relation to the TFAP for which the Organization is the lead agency for about 30 countries.

7.FAO provides its support by publishing regular production, trade and price statistics, and forecasts of future requirements for wood and wood products.

8.Its important source is the private sector.

9.It is a vehicle for the spread of new ideas and transfer of technolo-

gy.

10.Its special case is tourism based on forest and wildlife resources.

11.Among its most important areas are human resources development and research.

18.13.Выпишите из текста (упр. 18.2) понятия, относящиеся к каждой из упомянутых форм международного сотрудничества. Дайте краткое описание каждой из них.

18.14.Подготовьте краткий пересказ текста (упр. 18.2).

18.15.Найдите необходимую информацию и подготовьте минидоклад на одну из предложенных тем:

Role of international fora and conferences in forestry development

International dialogue, global and regional initiatives

Trade and environment: impacts and developments

Application of international cooperation achievements in Russia's

forestry

18.16. Обсудите в группах:

Having an interview

Getting a job depends on many factors. Your behaviour during an interview, however, is often the most important stage in getting a job. The interview is an opportunity for the applicant to project his/her personality and