8. Human and Citizens' Rights, Freedoms and Duties

• Human and citizens' rights and freedoms affirmed by this Constitution are not exhaustive.(22)

• Citizens have equal constitutional rights and freedoms and are equal before the law.(24)

• A citizen of Ukraine shall not be deprived of citizenship and of the right to change citizenship.(25)

•

• A citizen of Ukraine shall not be expelled from Ukraine or surrendered to another state.(25)

• Ukraine guarantees care and protection to its citizens who are beyond its borders.(25)

• A citizen of Ukraine may not be deprived of the right to return to Ukraine at any time.(33)

• Citizens of Ukraine have the right to freedom of association in political parties and public organisations for the exercise and protection of their rights and freedoms and for the satisfaction of their political, economic, social, cultural and other i nterests.(36)

• Citizens have the right to participate in the administration of state affairs, in All-Ukrainian and local referendums, to freely elect and to be elected to bodies of state power and bodies of local self-government.(38)

• Citizens enjoy the equal right of access to the civil service and to service in bodies of local self-government.(38)

• Citizens have the right to assemble peacefully without arms and to hold meetings, rallies, processions and demonstrations, upon notifying in advance the bodies of executive power or bodies of local self-government.(39)

• Citizens are guaranteed protection from unlawful dismissal.

• Citizens have the right to obtain free higher education in state and communal educational establishments on a competitive basis.

• Citizens who belong to national minorities are guaranteed in accordance with the law the right to receive instruction in their native language, or to study their native language in state and communal educational establishments and through national cul tural societies.

• Citizens perform military service in accordance with the law.

10. The Constitution outlines the structure of the national government and specifies its powers and duties. Under the Constitution the powers of the government are divided into three branches - the legislative which consists of the Verhovna Rada, the executive, headed by the President, and the judicial, which is led by the Supreme Court.

The parliament - the Verhovna Rada is the only body of the legislative power in Ukraine. There are 450 peoples deputies who are elected for a term of four years on the basis of universal, equal suffrage by the secret ballot.

The Verhovna Rada`s main function is making laws. Law drafting work is performed by its Committees.

The Verhovna Rada adopts the State Budget for the period from January 1 to December 31 and controls the execution of it. The monetary unit of Ukraine is the Hrivnia.

The President of Ukraine is the head of the state and speaks on behalf of it. He is elected directly by the voters for a term of five years with no more then two full terms.

The highest body of the executive power is the Cabinet of Ministers. It is responsible to the President and is accountable to the Verhovna Rada. It carries out domestic and foreign policy of the State, the fulfilment of the Constitution, as well as the acts of the President, develops and fulfils national programs on the economic, scientific and technological, social and cultural development of Ukraine.

Justice in Ukraine is exercised entirely by courts. It is administered by the Constitution Court and by courts of general jurisdiction. The Supreme Court of Ukraine is the highest juridical body of general jurisdiction.

12. The national symbols of Ukraine include a diversity of official and unofficial images and other symbols, used in Ukraine to represent what is unique about the nation, reflecting different aspects of its cultural life and history.

The National Flag

The National Flag consists of two equal horizontal stripes: a blue one above a yellow one. The colours are symbolic - the blue is said to represent the heavens, the sky, and the country's streams while the yellow signifies the country's wheat fields. The roots of this Ukrainian national symbol come from before Christian times when yellow and blue prevailed in traditional ceremonies, reflecting fire and water. In Kyiv Rus' times, yellow and blue continued to be popular. The national flag was officially adopted for the first time in 1918 by a short-lived Ukrainian People's Republic and in 1992 it was officially restored following Ukrainian independence.

The Tryzub (Trident) is the country's official coat of arms. As an emblem, the Trident dates back to the first century A.D. It was the official emblem of the Kyiv princes, stamped on coins. Designs of the Trident symbol evolved. During the time of the Cossacks, the image of the Trident was shielded by a crowned lion on the left and a Cossack in traditional dress on the right, with the crown of Volodymyr the Great at its peak.

The lyrics to the national anthem “Ukraine Has Not Yet Perished” were written in autumn 1862 by the poet Pavlo Chubynsky and the music was composed a year later by Greek-Catholic priest Mykhailo Verbytsky. The first public presentation took place in 1864 in the Ukrainian People’s Theatre in Lviv. The catchy melody and patriotic words made this song immensely popular and so widely known that Chubynsky’s friends had to defend his authorship and prove that it was not a folk song.

A bandura (Ukrainian: банду́ра) is a Ukrainian, plucked string, folk instrument. It combines elements of the zither and lute and, up until the 1940s, was also often referred to by the term kobza. Early instruments had 6 to 12 strings. In the 20th century, the number of strings increased to 31 strings, and up to 68 strings on so-called 'concert' instruments.[2]

Hopak (Ukrainian: Гопа́к, IPA: [ɦoˈpɑk]), also referred to as Gopak or Cossack dance, is a Ukrainian dance. It is performed most often as a solitary concert dance by amateur and professional Ukrainian dance ensembles, as well as other performers of folk dances. It has also been incorporated into larger artistic opuses such as operas and ballets.

1.During the war and in the early postwar years there have been important changes in the international situation of Ukraine. In 1945 r.Ukrayina stalachlenom-UN co-founder. This decision was due, on the one hand, recognition of the role and importance of Ukraine in the defeat of fascism, and the other - the result of the struggle for votes and influence in the postwar world between the USSR and the Western powers.

Declaration of October 24, 1945 UN Ukraine elected a member of the Economic and Social Council; during 1948-1949. She was a permanent member of the UN Security Council, and later was part of the World Peace Council from 1954 - UNESCO and others. SSR took part in the Paris Peace Conference in 1946, to sign peace treaties with Italy, Romania, Hungary, Bulgaria, Finland.

But SSR activities in the international arena was of limited declarative and completely dependent on Moscow's center. Like the USSR in the whole postwar period in Ukraine has been plunged into the abyss of the "cold war."

Resettlement and deportation. The structure of the USSR in 1945 was included in Transcarpathia, were subsequently signed relevant agreements with Czechoslovakia and Hungary.

The most difficult was to determine the Ukrainian-Polish border; as a result of redrawing the political map of Ukrainian ethnic lands such as Kholm, Podlasie, and Lemkivschyna Posyannya (so-called "3akerzonnya") with cities Holm, Jaroslaw, Przemysl, Sanok and others. recognized Polish territory.

During the 1944-1946 biennium. Was voluntary-forced relocation Ukrainian (of approx. 480 thousand). UPA ethnic lands to the USSR; according Poles (approx. 810 thousand.) left the Ukraine to Poland.

Operation "Vistula". In April-serpni1947 p. Polish government on the pretext of liquidation detachments of the UPA undertook forced relocation of over 140 thousand. Ukrainian with UPA in the north-western region of Poland. Individual families settled among Poles were doomed to Ukrainian denationalization and spolschennya.

This criminal action was coordinated and supported by the military forces of the Soviet Union and Czechoslovakia. In Jaworzno concentration camp near Krakow branch in the territory of the former Auschwitz Nazi torture chambers, imprisoned Poles about 4 thousand. Ukrainian.

In the early 1990s, the Polish Republic Senate by special decision condemned the action "Wisla" as a criminal against the Ukrainian people.

Rebuilding the economy. During the Fourth Five-Year Plan (1946-1950 gg.) Due to labor heroism was able to exceed 15% of pre-war industrial production. Preference was given heavy industries, coal and steel and defense industry. Instead, the gross output of light industry in 1950 amounted to only 79% of pre-war level, slowly vidbudovuvalosya agriculture.

4.After Khrushchev period (1964-1984) in the life of the USSR, in t. Ch. Ukraine, went down in history as a period of "stagnation" that appeared in the economy, socio-political and cultural life of the country. It is characterized by excessive indoctrination, strengthening totalitarian tendencies struggle with dissent. Gave way to de-Stalinizationtotalitarian neostalinizmu.

Having seized power, the new party-state leadership headed by Leonid Brezhnev, ostensibly sought to declare their reformist nature, and therefore started operations in economic reform, which is often identified with the name of the then chairman of the Council of Ministers A. Kosygin. "Kosyhinska reform", which consisted in the introduction of elements of market relations in the planned economy of the USSR, had to ensure the overcoming of negative effects of the economy, as increased demand for investment, unfinished construction, mass production of goods, which had sales of imbalance industries. The first steps of reform have yielded positive results: pozhvavylosya agricultural production, improved food supply of cities increased productivity. By 1970, industrial output increased by 50%, agriculture - 21%. But in the beginning. 70s began to slow down the pace of reform: companies not stykuvalasya initiative of central planning, there were weak incentives, compounded by ideological opposition to the Communist Party apparatus, finally, in Western Siberia have found large deposits of oil, which further reduced interest in reform. And gradually the Soviet leadership refused any change. A period of gradual economic degradation.

7.The Constitution of Ukraine (Ukrainian: Конституція України) is the nation's fundamental law. The constitution was adopted and ratified at the 5th session of the Verkhovna Rada (parliament) of Ukraine on 28 June 1996. The constitution was passed with 315 ayes out of 450 votes possible (300 ayes minimum).

Other laws and other normative legal acts of Ukraine must conform to the constitution. The right to amend the constitution through a special legislative procedure is vested exclusively with the parliament. The only body that may interpret the constitution and determine whether legislation conforms to it is the Constitutional Court of Ukraine.

Since 1996 the public holiday Constitution Day is celebrated 28 June.[1][2]

Until June 8, 1995, Ukraine's supreme law was the Constitution (Fundamental Law) of the Ukrainian SSR (adopted in 1978, with numerous later amendments). On June 8, 1995, President Leonid Kuchma and Speaker Oleksandr Moroz (acting on behalf of the parliament) signed the Constitutional Agreement for the period until a new constitution could be drafted.

The first constitution since independence was adopted during an overnight parliamentary session of June 27-June 28, 1996, unofficially known as "the constitutional night of 1996." The Law No. 254/96-BP ratifying the constitution, nullifying previous constitutions and the Agreement was ceremonially signed and promulgated in mid-July 1996. However, according to a ruling of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine, the constitution took force at the moment when the results of the parliamentary vote were announced on June 28, 1996 at approx. 9 a.m. Kiev local time.

The distribution of power. One of the key principles of liberalism, which provides for separation of powers into three branches - legislative, executive and judicial. This principle was first formulated by Locke and fully - Montesquieu. The most complete form in practice reaching the United States.

The most common is the separation of state power into three branches:

Legislature - a people delegated their representatives in parliament, state power, which has the exclusive right to make laws. It provides financial and (right of approval of the annual budget) and setup (participation of Parliament in forming higher executive and judiciary), and control functions.

Executive power - a power that has the right to direct management in the country. The bearer of this power across the country is the government that ensures the implementation of laws and other acts of the legislature, responsible, accountable and controlled her. Executive power is designed to work out ways and means to implement the laws, engage in ongoing management, to administrative activities.

Judiciary - is an independent authority which protects the right stands the arbiter in disputes about the law, administer justice. Judicial power is limited by the norms and principles of law takes the form of judicial process and can not depend on the subjective effects of other branches of government. Courts have jurisdiction over all legal relations arising in the country.

Unbundling judicial system of division of state power manifests itself primarily in the principles of independence of courts and judges and their subordination only to the Constitution and laws, indefinite (dovichnosti) election or appointment of judges and their immunity. Formation of the judiciary is featuring the highest legislative and executive power.

9.Ukraine occupies a definite place in the system of international relations. The main goals geopolitical accents, priorities and directions of foreign policy formulated in modern Ukraine Act of Ukraine's independence, the Declaration of State Sovereignty, President of speeches and other documents.

The main goal of Ukraine's foreign policy is to ensure its national interests, protect the rights and interests of its citizens abroad, creating favorable conditions for socio-economic development of our country.

Ukraine conducts open, fair and principled foreign policy based on the principles and norms of international law.

The Declaration of State Sovereignty of Ukraine says that:

♦ Ukraine as a subject of international law, has direct relations with other states, concludes agreements with them, participating in activities of international organizations to the extent that is necessary for the effective protection of national interests of the Republic in the political, economic, information and other areas;

♦ Ukraine is an equal member of the international community and actively promotes world peace and international security, directly involved in the European process and European structures;

♦ Ukraine recognizes the superiority of human values over class, the priority of universally recognized norms of international law over state law standards;

♦ Ukraine solemnly declares its intention to become a permanently neutral state that does not participate in military blocs and adheres to the three non-nuclear principles: not to use, produce and not to acquire nuclear weapons. (See. Declaration of State Sovereignty of Ukraine, July 1990).

The main directions of Ukraine's foreign policy have been supplemented by the address of Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine "On the parliaments and peoples of the world" (December 1991). It reads: "Ukraine is building a democratic rule of law, the primary purpose of which is to ensure rights and freedoms. To that end, Ukraine will fully comply with international law, guided by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, International Covenants on Human Rights, which Ukraine ratified, and others international instruments. "

The geopolitical accents of foreign policy of Ukraine:

♦ Ukraine - European state so it should strengthen and expand comprehensive relations, relations with European states.

♦ Ukraine - a former republic of the former USSR, was closely associated with all of its former republics, which requires the preservation and further development of mutually beneficial relationships with them.

♦ Ukraine - sea state, which necessitates the development of mutually beneficial relations with the countries of the Black Sea and the Mediterranean.