Английский / Англ.яз.Практикум 1 курса

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UNIT 1

I. Выберите нужную форму глагола to be и переведите предложения на русский язык

Образец выполнения

History will be the first lesson tomorrow. Завтра первым уроком будет история.

1.We (are, were, will be) engineers in five years.

2.History (is, was, will be) my favourite subject at school.

3.The test (is, was, will be) difficult.

4.He (is, was, will be) at the lecture yesterday.

5.They (are, were, will be) second-year students next year.

6.She (is, was, will be) a professor at Oxford two years ago.

II. Переведите следующие предложения, найдите в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог

Образец выполнения

The student made no mistakes in his translation. Студент не сделал ошибок в своем переводе. made-Past Indefinite Active от нестандартного глагола to make.

1.The latest laser devices have found application in medicine.

2.Many people visited the Lincoln Memorial last year.

3.Scientific information is growing very rapidly now.

4.The engineer will have completed the experiment by the 1st of June.

5.Science is becoming a leading factor in the progress of mankind.

6.They went to Hyde Park last Sunday.

7.All electrical appliances are working properly.

8.The plant was trying to expand the production of new tools last month.

9.Entrance exams will be held in summer.

10.Our laboratory will be provided with new equipment.

11.The lecturer was asked many questions.

12.The workers were given a variety of tasks.

III. Переведите предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения

Образец выполнения

December 22 is the shortest day of the year. 22 декабря – самый короткий день в году. The more we study, the more we know. Чем больше мы учимся, тем больше мы знаем.

1.I am 2 years older than my brother.

2.The higher, the denser the atmosphere.

3.The more complicated the problem, the more interesting it is.

4.The more, the better.

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5.There are fewer flowers in our towns.

6.Our flat is less comfortable than yours.

7.Iron is the most useful of all metals.

8.His plan is more practical than yours.

9.This film doesn’t seem worse than the one I saw last week.

10.Today I have less time than yesterday.

11.The longer the day, the shorter the night.

12.The greater the output, the greater the nation’s wealth.

IV. Переведите предложения, задайте специальные вопросы к подчеркнутым словам

Образец выполнения

My friend lives in a hostel. Мой друг живет в общежитии.Where does my friend live?

1.The bus stops near our house.

2.He left the luggage on the chair.

3.It often rains in November.

4.I shall have my holiday in winter.

5.As soon as it gets dark we shall make a camp.

6.He found a good job.

7.Ann didn’t enjoy the party.

8.Paul speaks Polish very well.

9.Ruth made very many mistakes.

10.Our team won the prize last year.

11.My sister’s daughter will go to University next year.

12.He will make his report next week.

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Engineering is a very practical activity. It is the process of applying the latest achievements of science and technology into practice.

There are a lot of branches in engineering. Mechanical engineers are experts in the design and manufacture of tools and machines. Mechanical engineering has marine, automobile, aeronautical, heating and ventilating branches.

Electrical engineering deals with producing and applying electricity in various fields of national economy. It has the following branches: electrical installation, electrical generation, lightning, etc.

Components and equipment for computing and communicating are the products of electronic engineering. Civil engineering deals with constructing bridges, roads and airports.

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The atom is composed of smaller parts. It became evident with several discoveries made at the end of the 19th century. In 1898 the German scientist W. Roentgen announced the discovery of X-rays, which can penetrate sheets of lead; in 1897, the English physicist J. Thomson discovered the electron, a particle with much less mass than any atom. And in 1896 the French physicist A. Becquerel found that certain substances, such as uranium salts, give off rays of mysterious origin. As a result of the research of the British physicist Rutherford, it was shown that uranium and some other heavy elements, such as thorium and radium, emit three different kinds of radiation, initially called alpha (α), beta (β), and gamma (y) rays. It was found that the first two consisted of electrically charged bits of matter. They are now called alpha and beta particles. Later it was found that alpha particles were identical to the nuclei of helium atoms, and beta particles were electrons.

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Oxygen

Oxygen is the most abundant of 104 elements. It was discovered in 1774 by Joseph Priestly, who obtained it by heating mercuric oxide. In industry oxygen is obtained by fractional distillation of liquid air.

Oxygen is a colourless gas. It is denser than air and soluble in water. Oxygen doesn’t burn but supports burning.

Oxygen is used to produce iron from ore in a blast-furnace. It produces a higher furnace temperature and gives a flame with a temperature of about 3000. This flame melts steel easily. Oxygen is also used for cutting and welding metal sections.

Sometimes it is more convenient to use compressed oxygen. It is stored in special tanks and delivered in pipes to the work sites.

Oxygen is used in breathing apparatus. Airmen and mountain climbers, miners at rescue teams, firemen entering smoke-filled buildings, patients at hospitals need breathing apparatus badly.

1.Where is compressed oxygen stored?

2.Why do firemen need breathing apparatus?

3.Who else needs breathing apparatus?

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The Internet, a global computer network which embraces millions of users all over the world, began in the United States in 1969 as a military experiment. It was designed to survive a nuclear war. Information sent over the Internet takes the shortest path available from one computer to another. Because of this, any two computers on the Internet will be able to stay in touch with each other as long as there is a single route between them. This technology is called packet

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switching. Owing to this technology, if some computers on the network are knocked out, information will just route around them. Now the PC is making it easier for people to reach each other, too. Electronic in-boxes are flooded with e-mail, the most popular Internet service. Most of the people, who have access to the Internet, use the network only for sending and receiving e-mail messages. Electronic «chat» and community participation are on the rise. Chat is a fascinating phenomenon. It takes place in imaginary «rooms», where like-minded people congregate. Numerous people can communicate with each other simultaneously. Other popular services available on the Internet are reading USENET News, using the Worldwide Web, FTP, and Gopher.

Nowadays, nobody knows exactly how many people use the Internet, there are millions worldwide, and their number is growing by thousands each month.

1.What is the Internet?

2.What is the most popular Internet service?

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Dmitry Mendeleev

D. I. Mendeleev was born in 1834 in the family of the director of the town gymnasium. In 1850 he entered the Petersburg Pedagogical Institute. After graduation he worked as a teacher for two years. In 1859 he presented his thesis, received his master's degree and went abroad on a two-year scientific commission. Upon his return to Russia he was elected a professor of the Petersburg University, where he carried on his scientific and pedagogical activity for 23 years. In 1906 he issued a book under the title Contribution to the Knowledge of Russia which contained thoughts of the further development of Russian industry and economy. The greatest result of Mendeleev's creative effort was the discovery of the Periodic Table of Elements. One of Mendeleev's prominent works is his book Principles of Chemistry in which inorganic chemistry was for the first time explained from the standpoint of the Periodic Law. A great scientist, Mendeleev devoted his life and energies to the progress of his country. His works embrace various fields of science — chemistry, physics, physical chemistry, geophysics.

1.What did Mendeleev discover?

2.What field of science do his works embrace?

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Isaak Newton

Isaak Newton was born in 1642 in the family of a poor farmer. The boy began his first scientific experiments at school. While studying at Cambridge University, Newton formulated the binomial theorem. In 1662 Cambridge was closed because of the plague and Newton returned to his native village. For the next two years he devoted himself to scientific experimentation. Newton's great discovery was the law of decomposition of light. The scientist proved that the white light of the sun is composed of rays of light of all colours of the rainbow. He also discovered the Law of Universal Gravitation which states that «every particle of matter is attracted by every other particle of matter with a force inversely proportional to the square of their distance apart». Newton applied the principle of gravitation to prove that the power which guides the moon around the earth and the planets around the sun is the force of gravity. Sir Isaak Newton died in 1727 and was buried in Westminster Abbey.

1.What laws did Newton discover?

2.Can you formulate the Law of Universal gravitation?

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Michael Faraday

Michael Faraday, English experimental physicist, was born in 1791 in a poor family. The boy began to work as an apprentice at a bookbinder's shop at an early age. One day a man entered the shop and found the boy studying an article on electricity. The man was surprised to see a boy so interested in such a difficult subject and gave him four tickets for the lectures at the Royal Institutions.

The boy went to the lectures and made notes of what he heard. At the end of the lecture he came to Sir Humphry Davy, the great English scientist, and showed him his notes. Davy was surprised. Later he made Faraday his assistant and helped him in his education.

Faraday had many important discoveries. Among his works are the concept of the magnetic field and the magnetic «lines of force», production of new kinds of optical glass, and research on electrolysis. Faraday produced the first mechanical motion by means of a permanent magnet and an electric current. This is the principle upon which the modern electric motor is based.

1.What was the boy interested in?

2.Which of Faraday’s discoveries do you know?

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UNIT 2

I. Переведите следующие предложения; найдите в каждом из них причастие I и II, герундий

Образец выполнения

Reading the text he wrote out new words. Читая текст, он выписывал новые слова. (причастие I)

Reading English is necessary for every engineer. Чтение (читать) по-

английски необходимо каждому инженеру. (герундий)

1.There are some ways of obtaining high quality alloys.

2.The results obtained were carefully studied.

3.Having finished the test he put down the results.

4.We know of the earth behaving as a large magnet.

5.Being heated magnetized materials lose their magnetism.

6.New technologies reduce the number of workers needed.

7.Reading English is necessary for every engineer.

8.Having stated the laws of gravity Newton was able to explain the structure of the Universe.

9.We need highly developed electronics and new materials to make supercomputers.

10.A videophone has a device which allows us to see a room and the face of the person speaking.

11.Having published his book on space exploration in 1895 Tsiolkovsky became known all over the world.

12.On seeing a red light on a panel the driver should decrease the speed.

II. Заполните пропуски неопределенными местоимениями some, any, no и переведите предложения

Образец выполнения

There are some radioactive elements in our laboratory. В нашей лабо-

ратории есть несколько радиоактивных элементов.

1.He was not asked … questions.

2.Let’s have … tea.

3.There is … information on this question.

4.Is there … news from him?

5.Have you got …children?

6.When we were on holiday, we visited … very interesting places.

7.He hasn’t … friends in Minsk.

8.There is … place like home.

9.Do you have … money?

10.Give me … water please.

11.I went to buy … milk but they didn't have … in the shop.

12.There isn’t … water in the well.

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III. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на значения и функции глаголов to be, to have, to do

Образец выполнения

We are to inspect the new engine. Мы должны проверить новый двигатель. You have to work hard. Вы должны упорно работать.

1.A machine-tool is a power-driven machine used for producing a variety of shapes by cutting away the excess metal.

2.The lectures are to begin at 9 o'clock.

3.To solve the problem they had to change the design of the device.

4.We do realize what great importance this discovery has for humanity.

5.It is desirable to be at our meeting tomorrow.

6.The teacher explained what to do with the drawing of the device.

7.We had to change the design of the instrument.

8.Every scientist understood that the invention had great importance.

9.A large number of urban air pollution is probably caused by emission from internal combustion engines.

10.We are to begin the test at 5 o'clock.

11.They had to change the design of the instrument.

12.Do you know that hydroelectric plants are considered to cause serious problems to the environment as well?

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Metals are rarely found in the pure state. They are good conductors of heat and electricity. They are almost never used in their pure form, but are almost always mixed with other metals to form alloys. Iron is mixed with carbon and other elements to make steel. It is the cheapest and most widely used metallic material. Aluminium alloys are widely used where weight-saving or corrosion resistance is more important than material cost, for example, in airplanes and in cars. Electrical conductivity is the ability of a material to conduct electricity. The conductivity of metals decreases with increasing temperature; metals can become superconductors (with zero resistance) at very low temperatures. Magnetic properties are traditionally associated with iron, but many other alloys are also magnetic. Corrosion resistance is the ability of a material to resist oxidation. Stainless steels are alloys containing chromium that have high resistance to rusting.

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Electricity is made in many ways. One way is a battery, as used in a transistor radio. A simple battery has a positive terminal, connected to a carbon rod. The carbon rod is placed in a chemical paste inside a zinc container.

Any material which will allow electricity to flow through it is called a conductor. Most metals are good conductors.

A simple battery converts, or changes, chemical energy into electrical energy. Other forms of energy, such as heat and light, may be converted into elec-

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tricity. The most common way of making electricity is by the conversion of mechanical energy.

Electricity can be dangerous if it is carelessly used. A faulty installation or a defective piece of equipment can cause a serious fire and there is also a danger of an electric shock. Many precautions are taken and safety devices are used to minimize these dangers.

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An electric current is nothing more than the flow of electrons from one place to another. If an electric current is a flow of electrons and every chemical reaction is an exchange of electrons, then every chemical reaction is small electric current. It should be possible to make an electric current from a chemical reaction. In 1810 the Italian scientist Alessandro Volta did just that. He placed a piece of zinc and a piece of copper in a solution of common table salt and connected the two with a wire. An electric current flowed through the wire. Why did Volta’s experiment produce a current of electricity? Some of the zinc atoms went into the acid. Each of these atoms left two electrons behind on the zinc strip. When a wire was connected to both strips the extra electrons on the zinc strip passed through the wire to the copper strip. In this way an electric current was produced. The electrons moved from the zinc strip to the copper strip because one was negatively charged and the other was positively charged. The «push» given to the electrons in the wire depended on the difference in the electrical level between the two strips and called the electromotive force or voltage. The electromotive force is measured in volts.

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The robots of our time resemble humans very little. According to specialists, the main thing for them is not to look like people, but to do their work for them. Factories which are equipped with automatic machine - tools, transfer lines and management information systems place a lot of hope in them. Automation sought out areas where a robot can operate as well as a person but where people do not like to work. In other words man has created the robot so as not to become a robot himself. Today, to avoid errors, robot are supplied with vision (TV camera), and hearing (microphone). They can perform more complex production operations – painting, soldering, welding and assembly work. People should not work in conditions that are dangerous. Let the robots replace them there – and the sooner, the better. That is how our scientists understand one of the main humanistic tasks of robotics of our time.