Английский / Англ.яз.Практикум 1 курса

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ponents together and eventually creating a stone-like material. Concrete is used for building foundations, freeways, parking structures, bases for gates and fences, etc.

When used in the generic sense, this is the material referred to by the term concrete. As concrete has a rather low tensile strength, it is generally strengthened by using steel rods or bars (known as rebars). This strengthened concrete is then referred to as reinforced concrete. In order to minimize any air bubbles (that would weaken the structure), a vibrator is used to eliminate any air that has been entrained when the liquid concrete mix is poured around the ironwork.

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Вопросы

1.What materials are combined to make concrete?

2.What happens to the sand and stones in the process of making con-

crete?

3.What is the main disadvantage of concrete?

4.What factors may cause cracking in concrete?

Ответы

a.One of the main disadvantages of concrete is its low tensile strength.

b.Concrete is produced by mixing together cement, water and mineral aggregates.

c.Expansion and contraction due to heating and cooling may be responsible for cracking.

d.The cement paste covers the surface of the stones and sand particles, binding them together when it hardens.

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Kinds of roads and highways

Road is a strip of land that provides routes for travel by automobiles and other wheeled vehicles. It is a public way, usually maintained by governmental authority. Roads usually connect urban areas with each other and rural areas with urban areas. Roads that connect populated areas to one another are often called motorways or highways.

Roads within towns and cities are often called streets, lanes, avenues. Roads and highways are vital lifelines. Farmers use them to ship their products to market. Trucks can carry manufactured products from one area to another. Good roads carry millions of automobiles that travel on business and pleasure.

Local roads carry traffic within a local area. Secondary roads link small communities and connect local roads to main highways leading to more distant places.

The most important roads generally are those that carry the greatest number automobiles, trucks, and buses. These main roads, called primary highways, connect the larger communities. Most are constructed and cared for by state governments.

How roads and highways are built

Planning. Highway planners study everything from the long-range needs of a state or the entire country to a particular section of a single route. The planning determines what the highway needs of the region are and how these needs can best be fulfilled and paid for.

Some roads are improved to permit them to carry heavier vehicles or more traffic. Relatively few new roads are being built. Most of the new roads are freeways and highways serving new suburban developments. In planning a system or a route, planners must learn:

1)where people live; 2) where they want to go; 3) how they get there;

4)where goods are produced; 5) what markets the goods are sent to, and how the goods reach their final users. Traffic counts tell how many and what kinds of vehicles travel on a road, and when traffic is heaviest. From these and other facts about the past and present, planners try to predict future growth in population and industry, changes in land use, and how such growth and change will affect highway needs.

Public participation in road planning is essential. Highway planners hold public hearings on most major highway projects financed in part by the Federal Highway Administration. These meetings enable citizens to present their views before a project begins. Before federal highway construction begins, planners must also prepare an environmental impact statement. The purpose of such a statement is to discover in advance all the possible good and bad effects that a new highway may have on the public and on the environment.

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Вопросы

1.What are modern highways designed for?

2.What must the road pavement provide?

3.What are pavements and road sub-grades subject to?

4.When did roadmaking originated?

5.When did the construction of the stone bridge originated?

Ответы

a.Roadmaking originated in the period of early human settlements.

b.The road pavement must provide good riding qualities.

c.The construction of the stone bridge originated during the ancient Asiatic epoch.

d.Modern highways are designed for high-speed motor traffic.

e.Pavements and road sub-grades are subject to the influence of many natural factors, e.g., heating by the sun, freezing and thawing, moistening by rain, etc.

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Welding

Welding is a process of joining together metallic parts by heating the place of contact to the fusion state. Welding processes are classified according to the source of energy employed for heating, the metals and the state of the metal at the place of welding. There are different types of welding such as hammer welding, thermit welding, electric arc welding, gas welding, etc. Hammer welding is a process in which two heated metal parts are joined and fused

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e.It is a process of joining together metallic parts by heating the place of contact to the fusion state.

f.According to the source of energy, the metals and the state of the metal at the place of welding.

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Engine lathe

The engine lathe is the most commonly used machine-tool. It is used for great variety of metal operations, such as turning, drilling, screwcutting and many others. The principal units of the lathe are the bed, the headstock, the tailstock and the carriage with the apron.

The bed is the base of any machine-tool and it is made of grey iron casting on which the saddle and the tailstock slide along special guideways. The headstock is also located and bolted on the bed.

The headstock contains the spindle and the speed gearbox. The spindle is the part of the machine to which power is applied to rotate the work. The changing of the spindle speed is effected by levers.

The tailstock consists of a casting fitted to the bed. The function of the tailstock is to support one end of the work turned between centres and to mount the tools.

The carriage of the lathe, which carries the tool, is made up of two principal parts: the saddle and the apron. The saddle travels along the guideways of the bed. The apron represents the front wall of the carriage. On the front of the apron are mounted the handles and levers by which the actions of the tool are controlled.

Lathes used in shop practice are known to be of different designs and sizes. These lathes fall into various types, either according to their characteristic constructional features, or according to the work for which they are designed.

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The size of a lathe is determined by the diameter and length of work that may be swung between centers. Lathes of comparatively small size, which may be mounted on a bench, are termed bench lathes, and are intended for small work of considerable accuracy; lathes provided with tools held in a resolvable turret are called «turret lathes»; lathes in which work pieces to be treated are held in a chuck are known as «chucking lathes»; lathes in which most of operations are performed automatically are named «automatic lathes».

Besides, there are also many special-purpose lathes such as crankshaft lathes and wheel lathes for turning crankshafts or engine driving wheels respectively; screw-cutting lathes for threading screws, etc. The engine lathe used for metal-turning operations is fitted with a power-actuated carriage and cross-slide for clamping and holding the cutting tool.

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Вопросы

1.What operations is the engine lathe used for?

2.What are the principal units of the lathe?

3.What units are located on the bed?

4.What is the function of the tailstock?

5.Where are the handles and levers mounted?

Ответы

a.To support one end of the work turned between centres.

b.On the front of the apron.

с. For turning, drilling, screwcutting and others.

d.The headstock, the saddle and the tailstock.

e.The bed, the headstock, the tailstock and the carriage with the apron.

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Computer science

Computer science is a part of an applied mathematics. Specialists in computer science say that this field of knowledge is very interesting because it deals with computer-aided-design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM).

Computers are intended to improve the productivity of labour of scientists, designers, engineers, managers, and other specialists, because computers offer quick and optimal solutions. One of the main goals of using CAD/CAM is to shorten the time between designing and manufacturing. Moreover, computers came in our life and to our houses and now we can solve our everyday problems with their help.

Computers can be divided into simple and complex devices. Simple computers such as calculators can perform addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. As far as complex computers are concerned they can do different logical operations and some of them even have artificial intelligence. Thus in order to elaborate up-to-date and inexpensive programs as well as to defend them from viruses, it is important to know some programming languages.

There are low-level programming languages such as a machine language and an assembly language and high-level programming languages, for instance, FORTRAN, PASCAL, ADA, C, BASIC, etc.

Computer can perform many functions: they can do mathematical and logical operations, mathematical operations including arithmetic and algebraic operations, such as addition, subtraction, multiplication and division, raising to a power, differentiating and integrating. Logical operations include comparing, selecting, sorting and matching.

Computers are divided into four main classes: microcomputers, minicomputers, mainframes and supercomputers.

A minicomputer is a computer manufactured on a single printed board which contains one or more chips. Most microcomputers are personal computers.

A microprocessor is a very small device used in microcomputers, which deals with memories by reading and writing process. Microprocessors can obtain from memory and execute a limited set of instructions in order to perform addition or subtraction on a binary word, and to input or output binary data.

Memory is a device for storing digital information. Memory should be small in size and large in capacity. It should take little power and work at the same speed as computer logic. There are many types of memories. All microcomputers use Random Access Memory (RAM) and Read Only Memory (ROM).

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Вопросы

1.What do specialists in computer science deal with?

2.What are the computers used for?

3.What operations can simple devices perform?

4.What operations do complex computers perform?

5.What high-level programming languages do you know?

Ответы

а. Computer-aided-design (CAD) and computer-aided-manufacturing (CAM).

b.For shortening the time between designing and manufacturing.

c.Different logical operations.

d.FORTRAN, COBOL, BASIC, ADA.

e.Addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.

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Electricity basics

Electricity is something we do not notice until we do not have it. Electricity is simply a movement of charged particles through a closed circuit. The electrons, which flow through this wire, carry a negative charge.

Electricity is made by converting some form of energy into flowing electrons at the power plant. After it is made, electricity is sent into a system of cables and wires called a transmission grid. This system enables power plants and end users to be connected together.

An Amp (A) is a unit measure of the amount of current in a circuit. The pressure that forces the current to flow is measured in Volts (V). A transformer is used to change the voltage of electricity. A Watt (W) is a unit measure of electric power that depends on amps and volts. The more watts the bulb uses the

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more light is produced.

There are two different kinds of electrical current. One is called direct current because electrons are made to move in one direction only. It is usually abbreviated to DC. This kind of electricity is produced by a battery.

AC stands for alternating current, which is generated by power stations for domestic and industrial use. The wires in the centre of the generator rotate past the North and South poles of the (red) magnet. This movement forces the electrons in the circuit to reverse the direction of their flow. The number of these alterations (or cycles) per second is known as frequency.

As domestic supply requires alternating current it is therefore necessary to change it to, direct current inside most electrical appliances. A rectifier allows AC to be converted into DC.

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Вопросы

1.What is electricity?

2.What is the function of the transformer?

3.Is glass a poor insulator?

4.How is electricity produced?

5.Are there three different kinds of electric current?

Ответы

a.A transformer is used to change the voltage of electricity.

b.Electricity is made by converting some form of energy into flowing electrons at the power plant.

c.There are two different kinds of electric current.

d.Electricity is a movement of charged particles through a closed circuit.

e.Glass is a good insulator.

Разговорные темы

My family

We are seven in the family: Mother, Father, a brother, a sister, my wife, my daughter and I (me).

My name is Victor Petrov. I am 26. At the age of 18 I left school and then was in the Army for two years. When I returned home I went to work to the plant where my Father works. I am a worker. Last year I entered the ExtraMural Faculty of the University.

My Father is 52 years old. He works at the plant. He is a foreman in an assembly shop. Mother is two years younger than my Father. Now she does not work, she is a homemaker. My sister's name is Natasha. She is the youngest in our family. She is a teacher. She teaches physics at one of Mogilev schools. She likes her job very much. She is not married. My elder brother, Boris does not

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live with us. He lives in Minsk and has a family of his own.

I am married. My wife's name is Helen. She is 25. She is one year younger than me. She studies at the University, too. She is going to become a radio engineer. My little daughter was born three years ago. Every morning except Sundays and Saturdays we take her to the kindergarten.

We live in a four-room flat in a modern block of flats. Our flat is with all modern conveniences: gas, central heating, cold and hot running water and a telephone. We all like to gather in the evening, talk about the latest news, watch TV or read and study. We have lots of friends who often come to see us on Saturday or on Sunday.

My speciality

I am a first-year student of the Belarusian-Russian University. I am going to become an engineer. Our graduates can work as production engineers or design engineers, at industrial enterprises, design offices or research centers.

Design engineers design different machines, their components, special holding fixtures and tools and work out their operation principles.

Production engineers take the ideas of design engineers and make them into practical realities. Metal products may be large or small, simple or complex, and production engineers must decide what operations are to be performed to get the finished product. They specify the sequence of operations and what machine tools are required for each operation.

To cope with these tasks we must know the fundamentals of mathematics, mechanics, hydraulics, strength of material, to say nothing of special subjects.

We know that manufacturing today calls for a very high level of proficiency. We do our best to become really competent engineers.

My university

I am a correspondence student of the Belarusian – Russian University in Mogilev. The University was founded in 1961 as the Mogilev Mechanical Engineering Institute. It was transformed into the Mogilev State University in 2000, and in 2003 it became the Belarusian - Russian University.

Our University has 8 faculties, namely Automotive Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Construction, Electrical Engineering Faculties, the Faculty of Economics, Pre-University Training and Professional Orientation Faculty, Correspondence Education and Foreign Students Faculties.

Students are trained in 13 specialties and 25 specializations. The student body is more than 5.000.

The studies are held in 5 buildings. The University has 3 Halls of Residence and a good library. 20 computer laboratories are equipped with up-to-date computers.

At present the BRU is the largest institution of higher technical education in Mogilev.