Vocabulary

currency –валюта

notes – банктони

coins – монети

spend – витрачати

pay – платити за щось

cost – коштувало

charge– нарахувати

lend– позичати комусь

boorrow – позичати в когось

waste– марнувати

save(up) – накопичувати

free– безкоштовно

chep– дешево

reasonable – помірна ціна

quite expensive – досить дорого

very expensive – дуже дорого

incredibly expensive – надзвичайно дорого

cost of living – вартість життя

standart of living – рівень життя

Розділ 4. Оволодіння навичками роботи з окремими статтями контракту.

Getting started in business

What do Juan from Spain and Jessica from the USA have in common? They are both teenagers running successful businesses. Juan 16, has a gardening business with 75 clients and three employees. Jessica`s company cleans new houses. She started it when she was 14. If you want to start a business, good planning is important. Here are some tips.

1. Get organized. Decide what your skills are. Find out there is a market for them in your area, e.g. ask your neighbours what they need. Banysitting, coaching for exams or sports, and computer training are all possibilities.

2. Deside how much money you need to start your business. Think about how to get the capital. You can use your own money or you can ask the bank for a loan. If you get a loan, be sure you can afford to pay the interest.

3. Calculate your costs. First, work out your fixed costs, for example, the rent on your office or the interest on a loan. They add your variable costs, for example, equipment or tax (if you pay it).

4. Work out how much to charge for your service. Find out what ofter people are charging and use this to set your own prices.

5. Your revenue is the amount of money you receive from selling your service. You need to calculate this very carefully. Your revenue is the number of hours worked multiplied by (x) the price per hour.

6. Your business will make a profil if your revenue for a year is more than your costs. If your costs are higher than the revenue, you`ll make a loss. Work out carefully the number of hours you need to work.

Task 1.

Article which gives advice for someone who wants to start their own business.

3 1 2 6 5 4

a How much will my business cost to run?

b How do I get started?

c Where will I get the money?

d Can I make a profit?

e How much money will I make?

f How much should I charge?

Task 2

Match the highlighted words in the text with the definitions(1-7). Write them in your language.

1. an amount of money you need to start a business capital - капітал

2. the money you receive from selling a product or servicerevenue - дохід

3. what you make if your revenue is more than your costs profit - прибуток

4. what you make if your revenue is less than your costs loss - втрата

5. an amount of money that someone, e.g. the bank, lends you loan - позика

6. money you pay for things and services to run your businesscost - вартість

7. an amount you pay for borrowinng money, e.g. from the bankinterest – відсоток

Which company will be more profitable?

	Company A(€s)	Company B(€s)
Revenue	17,575	18,850
Costs	14,940	16,625
Pre-tax profit	2,635	2,225
Tax	790	670
Profit after tax	1,845	1,555

Розділ 5. Вирішення певних комунікативних завдань з використанням лексико-граматичних одиниць фахового спрямування.

Structure practice: a, an and the.

Midland Furniture have recently bought new premises in Crumley Road. It is a large site, which they will use for making furniture.

They will bring in a plant from their other factories to set: up an assembly line for the furniture.

Listen and read

JEFF This will be the machine shop. We`re putting a lot of money into new equipment, computer-controlled, everything automated.

PETER A sort or assembly line?

JEFF Will, not exactly. It`s all going to be organised on what they call the `just-in-time`. We only build furtiture that people have orderet.

PETER I see. So you won`t have to keep a lot of surplus stock. And everything`s going to be assembled by robots, I suppose?

JEFF Oh no. All the finishing`s done by hand. We`re very proud of our tradition of craftsmanship. Although actually, our new range of furniture is all flat-pack, self- assembly kits.

PETER I imagine they`re easier to transport.

JEFF Precisely!

IRENA Mm, I`m sure it`ll all be very impressive. Could we have a look at the office accommodation now?

JEFF Yes. You see those big windows overlooking the factory floor? My office is up there, so that I can keep an eye on things!