- •Подготовительные упражнения
- •I Переведите предложения с причастными оборотами.
- •II Укажите, по каким формальным показателям можно определить герундий в данных предложениях; переведите предложения на русский язык.
- •III Переведите предложения с герундиальными оборотами, обращая внимание на место оборота в предложении и форму герундия.
- •IV Words and expressions to be remembered:
- •V Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на форму причастий и место их в предложении.
- •VI Вспомните, какие русские слова имеют те же корни, что и следующие английские слова. Используйте их для понимания текста:
- •VII Вспомните значения следующих английских слов:
- •VIII Простите английский текст и сравните его с данным переводом. Работа в парах: переведите текст с русского на английский.
- •Послетекстовые упражнения
- •I Выберите правильные варианты перевода слов и словосочетаний
- •II Выберите нужное по форме слово.
- •III Переведите следующие словосочетания на русский язык.
- •IV Переведите следующие словосочетания на английский язык.
- •V Ответьте на вопросы по тексту.
- •VI Переведите текст на русский язык. Составьте аннотацию к тексту на английском языке. Concrete-tie activity
- •VII Прочтите текст, сравните с русским вариантом. Напишите аннотацию к тексту на английском языке.
- •VIII Прочтите английский текст и сравните его с русским переводом.
- •Послетекстовые упражнения
- •I к следующим английским словосочетаниям подберите русские эквиваленты.
- •II Переведите следующие словосочетания на русский язык:
- •III Переведите следующие словосочетания на английский язык:
- •IV Соедините слова из двух колонок, образуя словосочетания; переведите их.
- •V в соответствии с содержанием текста дополните незаконченные предложения одним из данных вариантов.
- •Video Technology Improves
- •Список сокращений, часто встречающихся в научно-технической литературе Англии и сша
IV Words and expressions to be remembered:
Derailment (n.), exacerbate (v.), to be well under way (v.), to make adjustments, to monitor the project, flexibility (n.), shortage (n.), approach (n.), include (v.), obtain (v.), determine (v.), estimate (v.), guidance (n.), assign (v.), scheduling (n.), tabulate (v.), to bid on the work, prune (v.).
Terminology:
Speed restrictions, non-peak periods, footage, irregular surface, out-of-face surfacing, track surfacing, spot surfacing, crew expense, track-foot price, budget target, track-maintenance, machinery, hours-of-service tie ups, maintenance managing, raising, tamping, lining.
V Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на форму причастий и место их в предложении.
The locomotives houling trains on mountainous railways usually operate on electric energy.
The car being designed is intended for carrying coal.
Travelling on the Gliding Railway people surprised by its smoothness.
Having demonstrated his locomotive the inventor answered a large number of questions.
The computer made the plan of the station’s work, having processed the data on the freight trains.
Processing the data the computer does not make errors.
Having applied the radio and the telephone for sorting trains the railways improved the turnover of railway cars.
Having been tested the electrified line was opened for public service.
Being unloaded some of the equipment was damaged.
Having been heated the rails were carefully examined.
Each of the terminals and coastal sites has its own base station, the French terminal requiring two because of its size.
VI Вспомните, какие русские слова имеют те же корни, что и следующие английские слова. Используйте их для понимания текста:
Regional, service, resource, maximum, tendency, segment, instruction, strategy, manager, mechanism, contract, projects, period, chronic, capital, machine, operation, expertise, distance, original, budget, system, address, location, idea, geographical, discuss, process, information, central, mile, standard, person, realize , program, defect, balance, basis.
VII Вспомните значения следующих английских слов:
Delay, usage, fuel, significant, ability, amount, safety, value, compare, requirements, expensive, frequently, develop, common, perform, require, price, prepare, area, in order to, support, amount, request, point, decision, quantity, provide, level, allow.
VIII Простите английский текст и сравните его с данным переводом. Работа в парах: переведите текст с русского на английский.
Planning Track Surfacing on Shortline Railroads
1. Shortline and regional railroads are often faced with serious challenges to service because of irregular surface and line. Speed restrictions placed on the track because of irregular surface and line delay trains, causing increased crew expense, car hire and fuel usage, as well as unacceptable federal hours-of-service tie-ups. Irregular cross level and line also are causes of a significant number of derailments.
2. What many shortlines need is the ability to balance surfacing with other resource needs and to find a method for getting the maximum amount of improved service and safety for their surfacing dollar. The tendency of some maintenance supervisors to place a surfacing and lining crew on a segment of track with instructions to «call me when you’re done» only exacerbates the problem. To get good value for the surfacing dollar, a strategy must be in place that allows shortline managers to compare surfacing needs with other resource requirements, provides a mechanism for closely monitoring the work and allows comparison of the work done to the work planned.
3. In many cases, shortlines are regionals have much more flexibility with their labor contracts than do Class I railroads. They often have the flexibility to use outside contractors to perform maintenance and repair projects, and are often able to give contractors extended periods of track time. Many lines also are able to use train and engine, mechanical or other employees to aid in work during non-peak periods.
4. Further stacking the odds in favor of contracted surfacing, are the disadvantages of owning and operating expensive and complicated surfacing and lining equipment. Shortline owners frequently have a chronic shortage of capital and do not like to commit funds to track-maintenance machinery. Not only are these machines expensive to own, their maintenance and operation require a level of technical expertise that is difficult to develop and keep on a smaller railroad. As a result, more and more shortlines are using contractors to surface and line track. While this approach is fairly common when performing out-of-face surfacing, it has not been the normal practice when doing spot surfacing.
5. Out-of-face surfacing – raising, tamping and lining track for long point-to-point distances – is often associated with tie, rail or overall re-ballasting operations. Spot surfacing is usually used to remove surface and line defects and to return track to its original condition. The following planning and budgeting system addresses the use of contractors in a spot-surfacing operation. A surfacing «flow-chart» gives a conceptual overview of how this simple planning and budgeting system works. It requires the railroad to: - Obtain a rough estimate, by location, of the number of feet to be included in the surfacing/lining program. - Obtain a «ball park» estimate from contractors based on track-foot price. - Determine the amount of work that is feasible to accomplish with the available resources. - Give maintenance supervisors dollar targets so that they may develop a detailed list of «spots». - Prepare specifications with professional guidance. - Prepare the bid project and select the winner. - Work out the details on safely, reporting and other items, and assign responsibilities. - Continuously monitor the project and provide evaluation to the suppliers and supervisors involved.
6. In idea of the magnitude of the entire project must be obtained. Property managers and owners must know the prevailing prices for this type of work, and what the price in their area is likely to be. In order to get a "ball park" estimate from suppliers, contractors must have a general idea of the geographical work location and work conditions, such as track-occupancy time, the support to be provided by the shortline and other logistic and scheduling details that will be encountered as the work is being performed. Often, the best way to obtain this information is by on-track inspection with the local maintenance supervisors. This allows maintenance managers to get the track supervisors' input and provides an opportunity to explain the project and discuss how it will work. A simple form can be used to obtain the information needed to begin the process. The information should include: 1) The start and end mile poles. 2) The number of track feet required. 3) The amount of ballast required.
7. The information from the maintenance supervisor can then be tabulated at a central location and «standard prices», or estimates, can be obtained from contractors who will be asked to bid on the work. This allows the manager to explain to the contractor the general type of work and the overall quantity required. Once the estimate has been obtained for surfacing on a track-foot basis, the overall project can be estimated based or actors costs and the maintenance supervisor’s requests.
8. Supervisors are then allotted a dollar amount for surfacing and are asked to go back to the field to reconcile the dollar amount with the footage and locations to be worked. It is at this point that one of major benefits of the system is obtained. When forced to "prune" to a budget target the person who has the best knowledge the overall track condition makes the decision as to what will and will not be tamped.
9. The normal course of events is that the project is well under way before it is realized that there is not enough time or money to complete the critical spots remaining on the list. It is a variation of the 50/75 theme-50% of the distance has been covered and 75% of the money spent-which leaves some tough decisions about what is to be taken out of the program. Often, after the remaining work is pruned, some areas that could have serious defects in track geometry remain untouched. But by making adjustments before spending precious dollars on marginal work, the resource is balanced the requirements. |
Планирование выправки пути на железных дорогах небольшой протяжённости
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