Passive Voice - Страдательный залог

Залог- грамматическая категория, которая устанавливает связь между главными членами предложения (подлежащее, сказуемое). В действительном залоге подлежащее само выполняет действие, которое выражено сказуемым:

I ask – Я спрашиваю.

В страдательном залоге подлежащее становится объектом действия, которое выражено сказуемым: (См. Таблица 8.7)

I am asked – Меня спрашивают

Passive Voice – Страдательный залог

Употребление страдательного залога: в русском языке ~ 35-37%, в английском языке ~ 70-75%

be + 3 ф.см. глагола

I. INDEFINITE:

Present: am, is are + 3 ф. см. глагола

The text is translated by me every day.

Past: was / were + 3 ф. см. глагола

The text was translated by me yesterday.

Future: shall / will be + 3 ф. см. глагола

The text will be translated by me tomorrow.

II. CONTINUOUS: be + Ving

Present: am, is, are being + 3 ф. см. глагола

The text is being translated by me now.

Past: was / were being + 3 ф. см. глагола

The text was being translated by me yesterday from 3 to 4

o’clock.

Future: (отсутствует)

III. PERFECT: have + 3 ф.см. гл.

Present: have / has been + 3 ф. см. глагола

The text has been translated by me this week.

Past: had been + 3 ф. см. глагола

The text had been translated by me when my friend came.

Future: shall / will have been + 3 ф. см. глагола

The text will have been translated by me by 3 o'clock tomorrow.

NB!Времена группыPerfect Continuous в Passive Voiceне употребляются

NB!Иногда вместо глаголаto beдля того, чтобы обозначить незапланированное действие,которое происходит с кем-то или чем-то, употребляется глаголget:

There was a storm but nobodygot hurt (= was hurt). –Был шторм, но никто не пострадал(никто не получил повреждений).

Задание 11. Запишите следующие предложения в Passive Voice. Грамматическое время не изменяйте.

For example: She washes the child. – The child is washed by her.

1. She writes short stories. 2. They told us interesting stories. 3. People will remember this event. 4. They are destroying the old bridge. 5. They were building a bridge when I came up to them.6. They have prepared the report. 7. We came home and saw a big box. Mary had brought it. 8. They will have completed the work by the time you return. 9. He was examining a student when she came in. 10. It was cold in the room. Somebody had opened the window. 11. They will dictate the letter to Мike over the telephone. 12. The teacher repeated the same rule to the students several times. 13. Nobody has ever seen the other side of the Moon. 14. They make very good wine in Spain. 15. They have invited us to have dinner with them.

Задание 12. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Passive Voice.

1. I live in a very old town which (to surround) by beautiful woods. 2. Many people walk in the woods. Visitors (to ask) to keep the woods clean. 3. A lot of apples (to grow) in Ukraine. 4. Oil (to export) by Russia to many countries. 5. The ancient monuments (to destroy) slowly by acid rains. 6. “Hamlet” (to write) by Shakespeare. 7. Do you know how President Kennedy (to kill)? 8. The homework for the lesson (not to correct) yet. 9. Do you know the news? Sam (to invite) to Helen's party. 10. This museum (to found) in 1990. 11. By evening all preparations for the trip (to finish) and the students went home. 12. I am sure the work (to complete) by the time you return. 13. Many towns (to destroy) by the earthquake in Japan last year. 14. When I came into the kitchen I smelt something delicious. My favorite cookies (to bake). 15. “David Copperfield” (to write) by Charles Dickens.

Задание 13. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Passive Voice. Переведите предложения на родной язык.

1. But what shall I do if you (to kill)? (I Shaw) 2. In 1834 the Houses of Parliament, with the exception of Westminster Hall (to destroy) by fire. They (to rebuild) by Sir Charles Barry. 3. Lanny noticed that he (to watch) by three white men from the coffee stall on the other side of the road. 4. The Nobel Prize (to give) to him in 1924 when the advent of wave mechanics had revealed the importance of his work, ten years after his famous experiment (to perform) (Wilson). 5. I called to ask if a diamond brooch of mine (to find) (Wilde). 6. Annette's most valuable stone was ruby, which (to give) to her when she was twelve by an Indian prince who was in love with her mother. (Murdock). 7. It was an idea that (to discuss) at that moment by Colonel Melchett and Colonel Bantry. (Christic). 8. He [Arthur] went up to his room. Nothing in it (to change) since his arrest. (Voynich). 9. After lunch, we heard that Charles Lenton (to send) for. (Snow). 10. I _ constantly_ (to follow) in the street. I like it. It gives an amusement to the dullest walk. (Mangham).

Задание 14. Заполните пропуски нужной формой вспомогательного глагола (Passive или Active Voice).

1. An interesting article … published in the next issue of the magazine. It … published by May. It … not … published yet. It … written now. The author of the article … working at it for two month. When … his preceding article published?

2. My room … not … papered since the new furniture … bought. I think it must … papered this spring. My neighbor’s room … papered now. The paper-hanger … working for two days. He says the work … finished soon. It … finished by next month.