Варіант 2

Part 1 - Тема 1 Життя в цифровому світі.

1 Прочитайте та вивчіть терміни (усно)

data - the information processed by a computer;

ROM – acronym for read only memory; used for holding instructions which are needed to start up the computer;

RAM - acronym for random access memory; the main electronic memory of a personal computer and is used for storing the programs and data being used;

cache - fast memory which provides extremely fast access for sections of a program and its data;

hard disk drive - a common storage device that reads and writes programs data on metal disks inside a sealed case;

memory - the electronic part of a computer system that is used to hold the instructions and data that are being used by the processor;

clock - the set of electronic circuits used to control the timing of signals and synchronise different parts of a computer system;

processor - the part of a computer that processes the data and controls all the operations in a computer;

barcode – a sequence of vertical parallel lines used to provide computer – readable information on a product so that it can be identified and priced automatically;

flash memory key – a storage device used for reading and writing to electronic chips on a card;

monitor - the main output device used to display the output from a computer on a screen;

keyboard – the main electronic input device that has keys arranged in a similar layout to a typewriter;

mouse – a common cursor control input device used with a graphical user interface;

scanner – an optical input device that uses the reflection of light to copy text or graphics into a computer;

printer – a common output device used for printing the output of a computer on paper;

ATM (automatic teller machine) - provides cash and account information to bank customers on the evidence of a swipe card;

swipe card – a plastic card with a magnetic stripe running across it containing confidential information;

PDA (personal digital assistant) – a small handheld computer providing a variety of tools for organizing work: a calendar, to do list, diary, address list, calculator, etc.;

2 Прочитайте текст, перекладіть його (письмово)

COMPUTER USERS (part 2)

It is also possible to build all the main parts of a computer into one electronic integrated circuit packaged as a single electronic chip. This enables computers to be built into other devices including household devices such as washing machines and fridges and to be incorporated into plastic cards i.e. smart cards, which are able to store information such as health records, drivers' licences, bank balances, etc. Devices that include a computer circuit are commonly referred to as smart devices. A multimedia computer can process different forms of data including text, graphics, audio (sound), animation and video. This enables computer systems to be used for a combination of education and entertainment, sometimes referred to as edutainment.

Unlike most machines, computers do not have a fixed purpose. They are multi-purpose tools. They can be used in a very wide variety of situations and are found in a wide range of systems including security systems, cars and phones. Advanced systems, known as expert systems, enable computers to 'think' like experts. Medical expert systems, for example, can help doctors diagnose an illness and decide on the best treatment. As computer systems are developed, they are becoming more common and are gradually being used for more and more purposes. How they are developed, and for what purposes they are actually used in the future, can be influenced by computer users. A variety of devices known as peripherals can be added externally to a computer. One of the most common peripherals is a printer used for printing the computer output (the processed data or signals that come out of a computer system) on paper. A digital camera allows photographs to be input to a computer for editing.

3 Виберіть правильний варіант (письмово)

COMPUTERS

When Charles Babbage, a professor of Mathematics at Cambridge university, (1) has invented / invented / was inventing the first calculating machine in 1812 he couldn’t (2) imagine / imagined / be imagined the situation we find (3) us / ourselves / himself in today. Nearly everything we do in the world is (4) helps / helping / helped, or even controlled by computers, the complicated descendants of his (5) easy / simple / digital machine. Computers are (6) using / used / use more and more often in the world today, for the simple reason that they are far (7) more / most / less efficient than human beings. They (8) had / have / are having much (9) good / best / better memories and they can (10) store /give / input much information. No man alive can (11) make / does / do 500000 sums in one second, but a computer can. In fact, computers can do many of the things we do, but (12) fast / faster / fastest and (13) good / best / better. They can (14) calculate / make / predict weather, and ever play chess, write poetry or compose music.

4 Напишіть речення в Present Simple Passive (письмово)

Згадайте, як утворюється речення в Present Passive:

об’єкт дії + am / is / are + V3 / Ved

підмет присудок

Example: The checkout operator scans the item. – The item is scanned by the checkout operator.

1. The branch computer searches the stock file for a product matching the barcode EAN. 2. The branch computer records the sale of the product. 3. The branch computer sends the price and description of the product to the EPOS till. 4. The till shows the item and price. 5. The till prints the item and price on the paper receipt.

5 Прочитайте та вивчіть правила (усно)

COMMON PREFIXES

We can form new words by using prefixes and suffixes, e.g. micro-process-or (prefix + root + suffix). Prefixes come before the root word and usually change its meaning. Here are some common ones in ICT.

Negative prefixes meaning 'not':

non- : Non-volatile memory retains its content when the power is turned off.

un- : An unformatted disk has not been 'initialized'; it doesn't allow data to be stored.

Prefixes of location:

trans- (= across): Data transmission can be wired or wireless.

inter- (= between): The Internet consists of millions of computers interconnected in a global network.

intra- (= within): An intranet is a private network, restricted to a company's internal use.

extra- (= outside, in addition to): An extranet links a company with its customers and suppliers.

tele- (= over a distance): Teleconferencing enables users in different places to talk to and see each other.

Prefixes of size:

super- (= large, better): A supersite offers links to other websites on a certain topic.

semi- (= half, partly): A semiconductor is neither a good conductor nor a good insulator (e.g. silicon, used to make computer chips).

micro- (= small): A microbrowser is designed to display web pages on PDAs and mobiles.

Prefixes of size are also used in units of memory like megabyte and gigabyte.

Another common prefix is re- in words like reprint, rewritable and reboot (to start the computer again.)

6 Заповніть пропуски відповідними словами із вправи 5. (письмово)

1. A home network is two or more computers … to form a local area network. 2. … : a disk that is completely blank, so information can't be recorded onto it. 3. … : a network that allows communication between a company and the people it deals with. 4. … : the process of sending data over a communication channel. 5. … : to restart the computer, without switching it off completely. 6. … : a web browser designed for small screens on hand-held devices.

7 Прочитайте та вивчіть правила (усно)

Verb prefixes

Prefixes used to form verbs which mean 'to cause to be something':

en-: encrypt: to change data into a secret code so that only someone with a key can read it;

up-: update: to modify data in a file and thus ensure the file reflects the latest situation; upgrade: to add or replace hardware or software in order to expand the computer's power; upload: to send files to a central, often remote computer; compare with 'download'

Prefixes that mean 'the opposite of an action' or 'to reverse an action':

de-: decrypt: to convert secretly coded (encrypted) data back into its original form. decompress: to restore compressed data back to its original size; debug: to correct errors in a program or system; defragment: to reorganize data stored on disk by putting files into contiguous order;

un-: uninstall: to remove hardware or software from a computer system;

8 Заповніть пропуски відповідними словами із вправи 7, при необхідності змініть їхню форму. (письмово)

1. The computer compresses and … a colour image in less than a second. 2. Once you've written a program, you have to test it and … it to remove all the errors. 3. In cyberspace, '…' means to send a file. 4. You can easily … your files by adding or deleting information. 5. To … your hard disk you need a disk optimizer, a program that will reorder your files.

9 Прочитайте та вивчіть правила (усно)

THE PREFIXES E- AND CYBER-

The e- prefix means 'electronic'; cyber- describes things relating to computer networks:

e- : The term e-learning refers to the use of ICT to provide education and training.

An e-zine is a magazine or newsletter published online.

E-commerce is the buying and selling of products or services over the Internet.

cyber - : The electronic space in which online communication takes place is called cyberspace.

Cyberslacking means using a company's Internet access for activities which are not work-related, e.g. emailing friends, playing games, etc.; it is also called 'cyberloafing'.

10 Заповніть пропуски відповідними словами із вправи 9 (письмово)

The term 'cyber' first appeared in the word 'cybernetics', coined by Norbert Wiener in 1948 as the science of communication and control. In the 1960s new 'cyber' words emerged, such as cybermen and cyborg, referring to a being that is part robot, part human. In 1984 William Gibson popularized the term (1) … in his novel Neuromancer. He used it to describe a futuristic, virtual world of computers, but now it refers to the Internet. Other common words are cyberworld, cybercafe, and cyberphobia (a fear of computers). Companies are now worried about (2) … : employees using the Net to do things that have nothing to do with their jobs, e.g. chat with friends.

The e- prefix is often added to activities that have moved from the physical world to the electronic alternative, e.g. email and e-shopping. Other well-known examples are: (3) … , small magazines that are available on the Internet; (4) … , doing business electronically on the Net; and (5) … , providing instruction via optical discs, the Web or satellite TV.

11 Прочитайте текст, вивчіть виділені слова, перекладіть текст (усно), напишіть 5 запитань до тексту (письмово)

LIVING WITH COMPUTERS

Computers: friend…

People who have grown up with PCs and Microchips are often called the digital generation. This is how some people answered when questioned about the use of computers in their lives: `I use an interactive whiteboard, like a large touchscreen monitor, at school. I find computers very useful in education.`

`Assistive technology, for people with disabilities, has helped me a lot. I can hardly see, so I use a screen reader, a program that reads aloud onscreen text, menus and icons. `

`I have a CPS, Global Positioning System, fitted in my car. With this navigation system I never get lost. And the DVD recorder is perfect for my children’s entertainment.

`This new HWD, head-mounted display, allows me to watch films, and enjoy virtual reality, the artificial environment of the latest video games. `

`The upgraded wireless network at my university is great: we can connect our laptops, Wi-Fi cell phones to the network anywhere in the campus. Communication is becoming easier and easier. `

` I use computers to do the usual office things like write letters and faxes, but what I find really useful is email. We are an international company and I send emails to our offices all over the world. `

` We use PCs to produce all sorts of texts in digital format. We publish e-books and interactive e-learning programs on CD, and we help a local company to design an online newspaper, displayed on the Web. `

` We use financial software to make calculations and then generate graphs or charts. We also use a database to store information so that it can be easily searched. `

`I like to retouch photos on my computer; I improve them by making a few touches and then save them on a CD. I also enjoy looking at music portals on the Web. I surf the Web every day and I often download and copy music files from the Net to my PC.`

… or foe?

Our society has developed technological dependence. When computers are down, our way of life breaks down: planes stop flying, telephones don't work, banks have to close. Computers produce electronic waste, plastic cases and microchips that are not biodegradable and have to be recycled or just thrown away.

They are responsible for health problems, e.g. computer addiction, an inappropriate and excessive use of computers. Cybercrime, crime committed with the help of computers, is creating serious problems. Citizens may feel a loss of privacy because of unauthorized use of personal data or receiving unwanted electronic messages.