Варіант 3

PART 1 - Тема 1 Життя в цифровому світі.

1 Прочитайте та вивчіть терміни (усно)

data - the information processed by a computer;

ROM – acronym for read only memory; used for holding instructions which are needed to start up the computer;

RAM - acronym for random access memory; the main electronic memory of a personal computer and is used for storing the programs and data being used;

cache - fast memory which provides extremely fast access for sections of a program and its data;

hard disk drive - a common storage device that reads and writes programs data on metal disks inside a sealed case;

memory - the electronic part of a computer system that is used to hold the instructions and data that are being used by the processor;

clock - the set of electronic circuits used to control the timing of signals and synchronise different parts of a computer system;

processor - the part of a computer that processes the data and controls all the operations in a computer;

barcode – a sequence of vertical parallel lines used to provide computer – readable information on a product so that it can be identified and priced automatically;

flash memory key – a storage device used for reading and writing to electronic chips on a card;

monitor - the main output device used to display the output from a computer on a screen;

keyboard – the main electronic input device that has keys arranged in a similar layout to a typewriter;

mouse – a common cursor control input device used with a graphical user interface;

scanner – an optical input device that uses the reflection of light to copy text or graphics into a computer;

printer – a common output device used for printing the output of a computer on paper;

ATM (automatic teller machine) - provides cash and account information to bank customers on the evidence of a swipe card;

swipe card – a plastic card with a magnetic stripe running across it containing confidential information;

PDA (personal digital assistant) – a small handheld computer providing a variety of tools for organizing work: a calendar, to do list, diary, address list, calculator, etc.;

2 Прочитайте текст, перекладіть його (письмово)

COMPUTER USERS (part 3)

Not all computer systems are compatible i.e. they cannot use the same programs and data. Connecting computers together to form a network can provide the 'connectivity' required to enable computers and software to communicate and to share resources. The connection of networks throughout the world is known as the Internet. Various communication services are available on the Internet, including email for sending and receiving text messages and IRC (Internet Relay Chat) which allows users to communicate using text messages in real-time i.e. without any delay, while the users are logged on (connected to a network system account, normally using a password) to the system. An Internet service called FTP (File Transfer Protocol) is used for transferring data or program files between the powerful server computers that provide the network services and the client computers that use these services e.g. downloading music files. Note that copying data from a larger server system to a client is referred to as downloading and copying from the client to the server is known as uploading.

One of the newest and most popular services available on the Internet is the World Wide Web (WWW). The Web contains interlinked documents called webpages. A set of related webpages stored together on a server computer is called a website. Websites give the user access to special programs called search engines that are designed to allow the user to find relevant webpages on the Web.

3 Прочитайте текст, вставте пропущені слова (письмово). (три слова - зайві)

Active words: database / financial calculations / sale / EPOS tills / computer / barcode label / operator / cash / price and item / digital form / information / person /

COMPUTER APPLICATIONS

There are many ways in which computer systems can be used in large supermarkets, particularly for (1) … and in stock control using EPOS tills (electronic point of sale cash tills). Each item on a supermarket shelf has a (2) … with a barcode printed on it. The barcode number system giving standard (3) … code numbers used throughout Europe is known as EAN (European Article Number). The barcodes are read by scanner devices called barcode readers that are attached to the (4) … . When a checkout (5) … moves the barcode label across the scanner, the label is scanned and the barcode number for that item is read. The scanner signals are converted to a (6) … and sent to the supermarket branch computer. The branch computer checks the digital EAN code against a computer (7) … that holds a record of each type of item. In this way the item and the price of the item can be identified and the (8) … of the product can be recorded by the computer. The item and the price are shown on the EPOS till (9) … and printed on a paper receipt.

Computers are also used to provide (10) … to users and to process bank cards such as Visa cards using ATM (automatic teller machine – the type of machine used by banks for enabling customers to withdraw money from their bank accounts.)

4 Напишіть речення в Present Simple Passive (письмово)

Згадайте, як утворюється речення в Present Passive:

об’єкт дії + am / is / are + V3 / Ved

підмет присудок

Example: The checkout operator scans the item. – The item is scanned by the checkout operator.

1. The scanner reads the barcode. 2. The scanner converts the barcode into electrical pulses. 3. The branch computer sends the price and description of the product to the EPOS till. 4. The till shows the item and price. 5. The till prints the item and price on the paper receipt.

5 Прочитайте та вивчіть правила (усно)

COMMON PREFIXES

We can form new words by using prefixes and suffixes, e.g. micro-process-or (prefix + root + suffix). Prefixes come before the root word and usually change its meaning. Here are some common ones in ICT.

Negative prefixes meaning 'not':

non- : Non-volatile memory retains its content when the power is turned off.

un- : An unformatted disk has not been 'initialized'; it doesn't allow data to be stored.

Prefixes of location:

trans- (= across): Data transmission can be wired or wireless.

inter- (= between): The Internet consists of millions of computers interconnected in a global network.

intra- (= within): An intranet is a private network, restricted to a company's internal use.

extra- (= outside, in addition to): An extranet links a company with its customers and suppliers.

tele- (= over a distance): Teleconferencing enables users in different places to talk to and see each other.

Prefixes of size:

super- (= large, better): A supersite offers links to other websites on a certain topic.

semi- (= half, partly): A semiconductor is neither a good conductor nor a good insulator (e.g. silicon, used to make computer chips).

micro- (= small): A microbrowser is designed to display web pages on PDAs and mobiles.

Prefixes of size are also used in units of memory like megabyte and gigabyte.

Another common prefix is re- in words like reprint, rewritable and reboot (to start the computer again.)

6 Заповніть пропуски відповідними словами із вправи 5. (письмово)

1. … : to restart the computer, without switching it off completely. 2. … : a web browser designed for small screens on hand-held devices. 3. Medical researchers in many countries exchange information through email and … . 4. Blogs and web portals are examples of … ; they offer news, opinions and web links. 5. … : the process of sending data over a communication channel. 6. … memory (e.g. ROM or flash memory) is able to hold data when switched off.

7 Прочитайте та вивчіть правила (усно)

Verb prefixes

Prefixes used to form verbs which mean 'to cause to be something':

en-: encrypt: to change data into a secret code so that only someone with a key can read it;

up-: update: to modify data in a file and thus ensure the file reflects the latest situation; upgrade: to add or replace hardware or software in order to expand the computer's power; upload: to send files to a central, often remote computer; compare with 'download'

Prefixes that mean 'the opposite of an action' or 'to reverse an action':

de-: decrypt: to convert secretly coded (encrypted) data back into its original form. decompress: to restore compressed data back to its original size; debug: to correct errors in a program or system; defragment: to reorganize data stored on disk by putting files into contiguous order;

un-: uninstall: to remove hardware or software from a computer system;

8 Заповніть пропуски відповідними словами із вправи 7, при необхідності змініть їхню форму. (письмово)

1. You can easily … your files by adding or deleting information. 2. To … your hard disk you need a disk optimizer, a program that will reorder your files. 3. The program ran so slowly, I had to … it. 4. Your financial information is fully … and cannot be accessed. 5. Messages encrypted using a public key can only be … by someone with the corresponding private key.

9 Прочитайте та вивчіть правила (усно)

THE PREFIXES E- AND CYBER-

The e- prefix means 'electronic'; cyber- describes things relating to computer networks:

e- : The term e-learning refers to the use of ICT to provide education and training.

An e-zine is a magazine or newsletter published online.

E-commerce is the buying and selling of products or services over the Internet.

cyber - : The electronic space in which online communication takes place is called cyberspace.

Cyberslacking means using a company's Internet access for activities which are not work-related, e.g. emailing friends, playing games, etc.; it is also called 'cyberloafing'.

10 Заповніть пропуски відповідними словами із вправи 9 (письмово)

The term 'cyber' first appeared in the word 'cybernetics', coined by Norbert Wiener in 1948 as the science of communication and control. In the 1960s new 'cyber' words emerged, such as cybermen and cyborg, referring to a being that is part robot, part human. In 1984 William Gibson popularized the term (1) … in his novel Neuromancer. He used it to describe a futuristic, virtual world of computers, but now it refers to the Internet. Other common words are cyberworld, cybercafe, and cyberphobia (a fear of computers). Companies are now worried about (2) … : employees using the Net to do things that have nothing to do with their jobs, e.g. chat with friends.

The e- prefix is often added to activities that have moved from the physical world to the electronic alternative, e.g. email and e-shopping. Other well-known examples are: (3) … , small magazines that are available on the Internet; (4) … , doing business electronically on the Net; and (5) … , providing instruction via optical discs, the Web or satellite TV.

11 Прочитайте текст, вивчіть виділені слова, перекладіть текст (усно), напишіть 5 запитань до тексту (письмово)

LIVING WITH COMPUTERS

Computers: friend…

People who have grown up with PCs and Microchips are often called the digital generation. This is how some people answered when questioned about the use of computers in their lives: `I use an interactive whiteboard, like a large touchscreen monitor, at school. I find computers very useful in education.`

`Assistive technology, for people with disabilities, has helped me a lot. I can hardly see, so I use a screen reader, a program that reads aloud onscreen text, menus and icons. `

`I have a CPS, Global Positioning System, fitted in my car. With this navigation system I never get lost. And the DVD recorder is perfect for my children’s entertainment.

`This new HWD, head-mounted display, allows me to watch films, and enjoy virtual reality, the artificial environment of the latest video games. `

`The upgraded wireless network at my university is great: we can connect our laptops, Wi-Fi cell phones to the network anywhere in the campus. Communication is becoming easier and easier. `

` I use computers to do the usual office things like write letters and faxes, but what I find really useful is email. We are an international company and I send emails to our offices all over the world. `

` We use PCs to produce all sorts of texts in digital format. We publish e-books and interactive e-learning programs on CD, and we help a local company to design an online newspaper, displayed on the Web. `

` We use financial software to make calculations and then generate graphs or charts. We also use a database to store information so that it can be easily searched. `

`I like to retouch photos on my computer; I improve them by making a few touches and then save them on a CD. I also enjoy looking at music portals on the Web. I surf the Web every day and I often download and copy music files from the Net to my PC.`

… or foe?

Our society has developed technological dependence. When computers are down, our way of life breaks down: planes stop flying, telephones don't work, banks have to close. Computers produce electronic waste, plastic cases and microchips that are not biodegradable and have to be recycled or just thrown away.

They are responsible for health problems, e.g. computer addiction, an inappropriate and excessive use of computers. Cybercrime, crime committed with the help of computers, is creating serious problems. Citizens may feel a loss of privacy because of unauthorized use of personal data or receiving unwanted electronic messages.